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S,gnal transducuon reduced by epidermal growth factor (EGF) vm ,ts receptor revolves two second messengers, chacylglycerol (DG) and momtol msphosphate, both products of phosphandylmo~to|-specdic phosphohpase C wluch seem to pamctpate m the regulauon of cellular prohferauon by EGF We observed that A431 cells and HeL~ cells m response to EGF accumulate substanual amounts of phosphauchc actd (PA), the potenual product of DG kmase However, PA appears earher and stays longer elevated than expected from DG avadabxhty thus rinsing the poss~bd~ty of an EGF-mduced acuvatxon of a phosphohpase D (PLD) In the presence of prm=ry alcohols PLD effects the phosphandyl transfer reacuon producmg PA-alcohol, a reacuon known to be excluszvely ~ by PLD m mtact cells A431 cells and cells prelabeled w~th [14C]-oleate produce m the presence of ethanol (0 5%) or l-butanol (0 2%) substanual amounts of labeled PA-alcohol m response to EGF These results mchcate that acuvauon of PLD had occurred Acuvauon of PLD may x~present a novel mgnal transducing pathway wluch may pamctpate m the regulauon of cell prohferauon by EGF -a hypothes~s presently mvesugated m thts laboratory Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgememschaft.

The wish to integrate deaf individuals into the auditory verbal oriented society, the tremendous number of soldiers suffering from noise-induced hearing loss after World War II, modern hearing aids and cochlear implants, and finally availability of personal computers has fostered the development of auditory training methods. Further research has to investigate whether auditory training combined with drug therapy or other stimulation methods are beneficial.

It can be assumed that refluxate reaching the larynx can damage it. Due to the fact that the symptoms possibly related to LPR can, however, be linked to other causes, a careful consideration of the patient's medical history is of the utmost importance, followed by mandatory laryngoscopy. Diagnostic procedures, such as the trial administration of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) or long-term pH measurement should be used selectively. Depending on the individual symptoms, breathing or voice therapy and/or PPI therapy might be useful. Lifestyle changes including dietary measures should also be contemplated.