Despite the importance of headwater catchments for the water supply of the western United States, these regions are often poorly understood, particularly with respect to quantitative understanding of evapotranspiration (ET) fluxes. Heterogeneity of land cover, physiography, and atmospheric patterns in these high‐elevation regions lead to difficulty in developing spatially‐distributed characterization of ET. As the largest terrestrial water flux behind precipitation, ET represents a significant fraction of the water budget for any watershed. Likewise, groundwater is the largest available freshwater store and has been shown to play a large role in the water balance, even in headwater systems. Using an eddy covariance tower in the East River Catchment, a Colorado River headwaters basin, we estimated water and energy fluxes in high‐elevation, complex systems to better constrain ET estimates and calculate overall water and energy budgets, including losses from groundwater. We used the eddy covariance method to estimate ET from years 2017 through 2019 at a saturated, riparian end‐member site. Owing to complexities in near surface atmospheric structure such as stable boundary layers over snowpack and shallow terrain driven flow from surrounding landscape features, energy flux and ET estimates were limited to the warm season when energy closure residuals from the eddy‐covariance system were reliably less than 30%, a threshold commonly used in eddy covariance energy flux estimation. The resulting ET estimations are useful for constraining water budget estimates at this energy‐limited site, which uses groundwater for up to 84% of ET in the summer months. We also compared East River ET magnitudes and seasonality to two other flux towers (Niwot Ridge, CO and Valles Caldera, NM), located in the Rocky Mountains. These data are useful for constraining ET estimates in similar end‐member locations across the East River Catchment. Our results show that groundwater‐fed ET is a significant component of the water balance and groundwater may supply riparian ET even during low‐snow years.

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This article presents a hydrological reconstruction of the Upper Colorado River Basin with an hourly temporal resolution, and 1-km spatial resolution from October 1982 to September 2019. The validated dataset includes a suite of hydrologic variables including streamflow, water table depth, snow water equivalent (SWE) and evapotranspiration (ET) simulated by an integrated hydrological model, ParFlow-CLM. The dataset was validated over the period with a combination of point observations and remotely sensed products. These datasets provide a long-term, natural-flow, simulation for one of the most over-allocated basins in the world.

Despite the importance of headwater basins for western United States' water supply, these regions are often poorly understood, particularly with respect to quantitative understanding of evapotranspiration (ET) fluxes. Heterogeneity of land cover, topography, and atmospheric patterns in these high-elevation regions lead to difficulty in developing spatially distributed characterization of ET. As a significant fraction of the water budget, ET contributes to overall water and energy availability in the basin. Using an eddy covariance tower in the East River Basin, a Colorado River headwaters basin, this study improves the quantification of water and energy fluxes in high-elevation, complex systems to better constrain ET estimates and calculate overall water and energy budgets. The eddy covariance method estimates ET from years 2017 through 2019 at a saturated, riparian end-member site. During the late spring, summer, and early fall months, due to strong variations in lower atmospheric stability and evidenced by a less than 30% energy balance closure error in these months (within the range of closure error reported at other riparian locations) we conclude that the eddy covariance method is useful in high-elevation, complex areas such as the East River Basin and helps bound regional ET estimates. We also compared East River ET magnitudes and seasonality to two other eddy covariance towers (Niwot Ridge, CO and Valles Caldera, NM), with similar site characteristics, located in the Rocky Mountains. East River ET estimations are useful for constraining water budget estimates at this energy-limited site, which uses groundwater for up to 76% of ET in the summer months. This data is useful for constraining ET estimates in similar end-member locations; however, to better constrain ET estimates across the entire East River basin, additional sampling is needed. This study helps constrain both the energy and water budgets in locations that are underrepresented by observations and where indirect estimates of ET may perform poorly.

Despite the importance of headwater catchments for western United States’ water supply, these regions are often poorly understood, particularly with respect to quantitative understanding of evapotranspiration (ET) fluxes. Heterogeneity of land cover, physiography, and atmospheric patterns in these high-elevation regions lead to difficulty in developing spatially-distributed characterization of ET. As the largest terrestrial water flux behind precipitation, ET represents a significant fraction of the water budget for any watershed. Likewise, groundwater is the largest available freshwater store and has been shown to play a large role in the water balance, even in headwater systems. Using an eddy covariance tower in the East River Catchment, a Colorado River headwaters basin, this study estimates water and energy fluxes in high-elevation, complex systems to better constrain ET estimates and calculate overall water and energy budgets, including losses from groundwater. The eddy covariance method is used to estimate ET from years 2017 through 2019 at a saturated, riparian end-member site. Owing to complexities in near surface atmospheric structure such as stable boundary layers over snowpack and shallow terrain driven flow from surrounding landscape features, energy flux and ET estimates were limited to the warm season when energy closure residuals from the eddy-covariance system were reliably less than 30 %, a threshold commonly used in eddy covariance energy flux estimation. The resulting ET estimations are useful for constraining water budget estimates at this energy-limited site, which uses groundwater for up to 84 % of ET in the summer months. We also compared East River ET magnitudes and seasonality to two other flux towers (Niwot Ridge, CO and Valles Caldera, NM), located in the Rocky Mountains. This data is useful for constraining ET estimates in similar end-member locations across the East River Catchment. Our results show that groundwater-fed ET is a significant component of the water balance and groundwater may supply riparian ET even during low-snow years.