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The study, conducted in the state of West Bengal, has examined the nature, extent and causes of livelihood diversification among different livelihood groups. It has found that the level of livelihood diversification highly varies across regions and also across different livelihood groups. The importance of agriculture as a source of livelihood is decreasing and that of the non-farm sector is increasing in West Bengal. For the resource-poor households, livelihood diversification is a survival strategy to cope up with the adverse livelihood shocks and to manage the risky environments. On the other hand, for resource-rich households, livelihood diversification is an attempt to reap the benefits of development. In backward regions like Purulia district, not only the average household income or numbers of income sources are limited but their level of diversification is also quite low. The government needs to develop appropriate strategies, especially for the resource-poor rural households, to facilitate successful livelihood diversification. A comprehensive development plan, including increasing the scope for non-farm activities, is urgently needed for the backward regions in the state.

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Automated program understanding tools have the potential to make important contributions to reducing the very substantial costs of program maintenance. In this paper we formulate a particular approach to program understanding within the context of the object-oriented simulation language, MODSIM. The software tool that has been developed is called PUMP (Program Understanding of MODSIM Programs). The input to this tool is the syntactically correct MODSIM program code for a simulation project which typically is distributed over several files. The main presentation of information about the program is via a user interface that is organized along hierarchical lines that correspond to the organizational structure of MODSIM programs. The hierarchical approach permits examination of program features in increasing levels of detail. The main thrust of the analysis is to identify entity types (e.g., objects, methods, variables) used in the program together with their interrelationships. The key design aspects of PUMP are outlined in the paper and an overview of the user interface is presented.Emphasis is given to the mechanisms specifically developed for handling the object-oriented features of MODSIM.