Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the most urgent problems of the modern medical community. Despite the introduction of constantly updated schemes of early diagnosis and treatment into practical medicine, there is still an upward trend in the number of cases, under-examined persons, and prognostically unfavorable outcomes. The review highlights the findings of epidemiological studies confirming the widespread prevalence of the disease, accompanied by rapid disability progression, high mortality, and significant economic damage. The review lists the main exogenous and endogenous risk factors for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including occupational etiology. Attention is drawn to the possibility of disease prevention in a professional environment with the proper motivation of the patient and the application of economic efforts. The article discusses the main causes of underdiagnosis and late diagnosis of the disease. Lifestyle modification makes an undeniable contribution to the prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and improving prognosis in the developed disease. Certain psychological characteristics that reduce adherence to treatment of such patients should be considered in organizing the management of this category of persons and creating special schools. It is important to create a classification of endotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as sufficient public awareness about this disease with the aim of the earliest possible diagnosis.

The prescribing of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and Janus kinase inhibitors (iJAK) during the COVID-19 pandemic requires a balanced approach and tight monitoring of the patients.The aim of the study was to study the effect of bDMARDs and iJAK inhibitors on the condition of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), taking the patients reported outcomes, as well as the incidence of COVID-19 in these patients.Materials and methods. A telephone survey was conducted of 254 patients with RA (average age – 49.8±13.7 years; 64.4% of patients are positive for rheumatoid factor; women – 83.5%; DAS28 score – 5.4±1.6 points), who in the period from January 2020 to June 2021 were prescribed bDMARDs or iJAK for the first time: 148 (58.3%) – rituximab; 57 (22.4%) – tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors; 20 (7.9%) – iJAK; 17 (6.7%) – interleukin 6 inhibitors; 12 (4.7%) – abatacept.Results. At the time of the survey, 204 (80.3%) patients continued taking prescribed medications. The main reason for the interruption of treatment was administrative problems. Synthetic DMARDs (mainly methotrexate and leflunomide) were received by 68.0%, glucocorticoids – 45.3%, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – 44.5% of respondents. Among patients treated with bDMARDs or iJAK, 68.1% noted «the state of symptoms acceptable to the patient», the absence of frequent joint pain – 65.3%, the absence of increased fatigue – 14.3%. The incidence of COVID-19 and hospitalization associated with this disease did not differ in individuals who continued and stopped using bDMARDs or iJAK: 41.2% and 44.6%, 13.7% and 14.0%, respectively (p=0.80884). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of COVID-19 and hospitalization associated with this disease in patients taking various bDMARDs or iJAK.Conclusion. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, rituximab remains one of the most popular bDMARDs. About a third of patients receiving bDMARDs or iJAK are not satisfied with their condition. More than 40% of patients who received these drugs suffered COVID-19; 14.0% required hospitalization.

One of the main tasks of modern complex therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is to improve the quality of life of patients. To do this, it is necessary not only to achieve remission or low activity, but also to successfully control the main, most painful, manifestations of the disease. Therefore, when evaluating the results of RA treatment, the dynamics of not only standard indices (DAS28 (Disease Activity Score 28), CDAI (Clinical Disease Activity Index), SDAI (Simplified Disease Activity Index)), but also the so-called “patient reported outcomes” (PRO) – a patient’s global assessment of disease activity (PGA), pain, functional disorders and fatigue.This review examines the effect of one of the main classes of anti–rheumatic drugs - biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) on the PROs. The results of a series of randomized controlled trials are presented, in which changes in PROs were studied using various tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) inhibitors, abatacept T-lymphocyte co-stimulation inhibitor, rituximab CD20 inhibitor and interleukin (IL) 6 inhibitors.The use of bDMARDs in combination with methotrexate (MTX) provides a reduction in PGA and pain by 50-60%, functional disorders according to HAQ (Health Assessment Questionnaire) and fatigue according to FACIT-F (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy – Fatigue) – by 15-30%. B DMARDs monotherapy (with the exception of the effect of tocilizumab on HAQ) does not exceed MTX monotherapy in its effect on PROs. Monotherapy with tocilizumab provides more favorable dynamics of PGA and pain than monotherapy with TNF-α inhibitors. An important advantage of IL-6 inhibitors is the rapid achievement of a clinical effect, which is noted already in the first 2 weeks after the first administration of the drug.

Modern tactics for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is aimed at achieving remission or low activity of the disease, the maximum elimination of the manifestations of the disease and the restoration of physical and social activity of patients. At the same time, despite the wide range of the most modern pathogenetic agents, a good therapeutic response can’t be obtained in all cases. A difficult problem is the so-called rheumatoid arthritis RA (difficult to treat), in which two or more sequentially prescribed genetically engineered biological drugs or JAK inhibitors are ineffective. One of the important factors negatively affecting the outcome of RA treatment are functional disorders of the nociceptive system, such as peripheral and central sensitization. These phenomena, associated with persistent activation of nociceptive neurons and the development of nociplastic changes, are caused by systemic autoimmune inflammation and the influence of various cytokines and chemokines on the neuronal membrane. This review considers the molecular biological aspects of the formation of peripheral and central sensitization in RA, with a separate analysis of the pathogenetic role of individual interleukins.

The formation of chronic musculoskeletal pain (MSP) is a multifactorial process, in its pathogenesis mechanism of central sensitization (CS) plays an important role.Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of etoricoxib at a dose of 60 mg per day in diseases accompanied by moderate/severe chronic MPS, with an additional analysis of the effect of this drug on the manifestations of CS.Patients and methods. An open observational study, 790 patients (71.6% women, mean age 54.5±13.0 years) with osteoarthritis and chronic nonspecific back pain received etoricoxib 60 mg/day for 2 weeks. The dynamics of pain, dysfunction, fatigue, sleep disturbances, general health assessment (GHA) on a numerical rating scale (NRS 0–10), as well as signs of CS according to part A of the CSI questionnaire were assessed.Results and discussion. After 2 weeks, the intensity of pain during movement, at rest and at night decreased on average by 58.8±24.1, 69.7±32.6 and 70.1±32.8% respectively; functional insufficiency by 58.2±22.5%, fatigue by 52.2±25.8%, GHA by 50.0±22.6%, sleep improvement by 54.3±25.8% was observed (p<0.001 for all parameters). There was a decrease in the CSI value by an average of 33.1±14.5% (p<0.001), as well as a decrease in the number of patients with highly probable CS (CSI ≥40) from 35.3 to 10.3% (p<0.001). No serious drug-related complications were recorded. The overall frequency of adverse reactions was 5.9%, with dyspepsia and hypertension being the most common.Conclusion. Etoricoxib is an effective and relatively safe treatment for chronic MSP. It reduces the severity of CS, one of the central mechanisms of the pathogenesis of chronic MSP.