The present study was done in seven major onion wholesale markets in India, namely Pimpalgaon, Lasalgaon, Solapur, Pune, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Indore to explore the interdependence of wholesale prices amongst Indian onion markets. The study was conducted in all India perspective and the study period involves the seventeen years data of onion wholesale prices (January 2004 to December 2020). The study was majorly based on the prices of onion obtained through secondary source. These data were collected from various portals such as FAO, NHRDF, Agmarknet and NHB. The current study employs co-integration analysis of wholesale monthly onion prices in selected marketplaces to determine the degree of market integration. The Trace and Maximum Eigen-value tests results showed that the onion prices in India moves together in the long run equilibrium. As a result, it may be stated that India's onion markets are well-functioning. The direction of information flow was determined by using Granger Causality test. It was found that in few markets pairs, price transmissions were bi-directional whereas between Bangalore and Pune market, no transmission was found. The study reveals that Lasalgaon market is dominating in terms of price determination. The empirical study also recommends keeping a careful eye on diverse market behavioural patterns, since "news" in one market might have an influence on other markets due to the numerous interdependencies.

Indian spices are popularly known for their flavour and aroma in domestic as well as in the international markets. Out of the total spices production, Indian households consume about 70-75 per cent either in whole form or in value added form (powder or masalas), 5-10 per cent is utilized by oleoresins, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics companies, 15-20 per cent is exported and the remaining 5 per cent goes for seed purposes (www.commodityindia.com). Increased production and trade balance in terms of export and import are required to support economic growth through agriculture. The present study focused on analysing the growth and instability in area, production and exports of major spices from India. The results showed that India's overall export and agricultural export both increased at 6.50 and 6.16 per cent annual growth rate from 2010-11 to 2019-20, respectively. India's agricultural export share to overall export has grown from 9.71 per cent in 2010-11 to 11.40 per cent in 2019-20 while Ginger, garlic and turmeric, these three spices contributed 58.99 per cent share to total spice production from 19.16 per cent area. Among different spices cumin, chilli and coriander emerged as the first, second and third most grown spices in the country with 29.56, 14.44 and 12.25 per cent area and 9.01, 18.19 and 6.92 per cent production share to total spices respectively.

India is called as spice wealthy nation as its total production of spices is around 101.25 lakh tonnes from an area of about 43 lakh hectares. This study was entirely based on secondary data. During the year 2020-21, India exported 15.65 lakh tonnes of spices worth of Rs.27143.2 crores. Chilli alone accounts for 38.43 per cent in volume and 31 per cent in value to total export of spices. Exports of chilli grew from 37191 tonnes worth Rs.12246 lakh in the year 2000-01 to 601500 tonnes worth Rs.842975 lakh in the year 2020-21 with an increasing growth rate of 14.47% and 24.48 per cent respectively. China, Thailand, Sri Lanka, UAE and Bangladesh are the major buyers for Indian chillies. Destination wise export of chilli showed that China was the most loyal importer of Indian chilli with retention of 95.09 per cent while Sri Lanka showed zero retention in importing Indian chillies. India had enjoyed a comparative advantage in chilli and NPC for chilli are less than one which clearly indicated that Indian chillies are competitive in the international market. The rigorous quality measures implemented by the Spices Board and the lower output by other competing countries like China and Pakistan had also helped India to achieve record performance.

"Economic analysis of production and marketing of tomatoes in Raipur, Chhattisgarh" is the topic of the current study. The sample was chosen using a multistage random sampling technique. The Raipur district's 1 Block, 5 Villages, and 60 Tomato Growers were all included in the research. By using the personal interview approach, the main statistics for the season of 2023 were gathered. Different secondary sources were used to gather information on the region, production, and productivity. Tabular analysis was heavily employed to achieve the study's numerous goals. The main conclusions of the study showed that the cost of production per quintal of tomatoes and the cost of cultivation per hectare were both Rs. 67892.643. A total of Rs. 101700.00 was the net profit per acre. The return on investment was 2.50 rupees.