Efficient utilization of energy with an improved farming system for selected semi-arid tropics. Agric. Ecosystems Environ., 24: 381-394. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India, has developed an improved technology for the management of Vertisols. The results of testing of this technology in farmers' fields in India have shown that substantially higher yields can be achieved by an efficient application of available energy resources along with other high-value inputs. The technology does not depend upon a tractorized form of energy and improves the productivity of farm labor.

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Indian spices are popularly known for their flavour and aroma in domestic as well as in the international markets. Out of the total spices production, Indian households consume about 70-75 per cent either in whole form or in value added form (powder or masalas), 5-10 per cent is utilized by oleoresins, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics companies, 15-20 per cent is exported and the remaining 5 per cent goes for seed purposes (www.commodityindia.com). Increased production and trade balance in terms of export and import are required to support economic growth through agriculture. The present study focused on analysing the growth and instability in area, production and exports of major spices from India. The results showed that India's overall export and agricultural export both increased at 6.50 and 6.16 per cent annual growth rate from 2010-11 to 2019-20, respectively. India's agricultural export share to overall export has grown from 9.71 per cent in 2010-11 to 11.40 per cent in 2019-20 while Ginger, garlic and turmeric, these three spices contributed 58.99 per cent share to total spice production from 19.16 per cent area. Among different spices cumin, chilli and coriander emerged as the first, second and third most grown spices in the country with 29.56, 14.44 and 12.25 per cent area and 9.01, 18.19 and 6.92 per cent production share to total spices respectively.

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