The purpose of the study was to analyze literary sources on the study of modern views on information about the pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation of pulmonary fibrosis. Materials and methods. Analytical and bibliosemantic methods were used in the research. During the scientific search, 39 sources of modern domestic and foreign literature were reviewed and analyzed. Results and discussion. Pulmonary fibrosis is a heterogeneous group of chronic, progressive and incurable interstitial lung diseases characterized by scar formation and irreversible destruction of the lung parenchyma and is accompanied by disorders of elasticity and gas exchange in pathologically altered areas. The mechanism of development of pulmonary fibrosis is determined by its root causes. There are three distinct pathologic patterns of pulmonary fibrosis: usual interstitial pneumonia, fibrotic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, and airway fibrosis. Their morphological differences are based on the distribution of fibrosis (diffuse or spotty) and anatomical location. The development of pulmonary fibrosis in most cases is a consequence of a previous acute inflammation of the lungs caused by various etiological factors, which in the case of untimely started or incorrectly selected treatment causes the deposition of fibrous tissue in the lungs. It is believed that the appearance and subsequent progression of pulmonary fibrosis can be attributed to reparative processes after repeated injuries of alveolar epithelial cells in response to various stimuli, including injuries. Loss of function or reduction in the number of alveolar epithelial cells can lead to improper repair of the lung parenchyma, which can lead to fibrosis. Various cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and platelet-derived growth factor can be released when alveolar epithelial cells are damaged. These cytokines can promote the accumulation of fibroblasts. In addition to the cytokine response, the lung’s response to injury includes the stimulation of myofibroblasts, which when activated serve as the primary collagen-producing cell. This leads to massive deposition of collagen and subsequently affects the normal structure and function of lung tissue. Conclusion. Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease that leads to morpho-functional restructuring of lung tissue. In the course of the work, the presence of three models of the development of pulmonary fibrosis were analyzed. Despite the long history of study and good coverage of the problem in the scientific literature, currently the mechanisms of formation of pulmonary fibrosis remain insufficiently studied

Objective — to analyze the clinical effectiveness use of phosphatidylcholine liposomes in the treatment of patients with restrictive respiratory failure caused by acute pneumonia and pneumonia with a prolonged course. Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study of 68 people was conducted on the basis of the pulmonology department of the Kirovohrad Regional Hospital of the Kirovohrad Regional State in 2020—2021. The people were divided into two groups: I (n = 20) — control group, II (n = 48) — experimental group. They were composed of men aged 25 to 40 years. The first group consisted of healthy individuals who underwent a preventive examination. The second group included patients who, in addition to the traditional treatment of pneumonia, were treated with phospholipids in liposomal form. The drug was used by inhalation according to the instructions. In the course of the experiment, the volume-time indicators of external respiration and gas exchange of the body were studied in dynamics. Results and discussion. The introduction of phospholipids in liposomal form had a positive effect on the restoration of the function of external respiration from the 5th day of treatment of the disease. This is evidenced by the gradual normalization of breathing rate and respiratory volume. It was shown that the ratio of alveolar ventilation and minute respiratory volume was significantly lower and ranged from 60.3 to 72.7 % (with a control value of 72.2 to 77.4 %). Oxygen consumption increased by approximately 76 % on the 5th day of the disease, which indicates a pronounced increase in the level of oxidative metabolism in the body during this pathological process. Recovery could be observed due to optimization of the body’s oxygen supply. Regarding carbon dioxide release, this indicator was almost 2.3 times higher than the control values ​​on the 5th day of the disease. This contributes to the development of metabolic acidosis, which in turn leads to respiratory alkalosis. Against the background of phosphatidylcholine liposomes treatment, this indicator gradually decreased and had a tendency to approach control values ​​a month after treatment (0.216 ± ± 0.042) l/min). Another of the studied indicators is the dead breathing space. According to this indicator, the efficiency of external breathing also increased. The minute volume of blood flow in healthy individuals was (6.5 ± 0.7). During the disease, it decreased to (4.7 ± 0.8) with gradual recovery, starting from the 10th day of treatment with phospholipids. There is also a decrease in the oxygen saturation of the arterial blood and a decrease in the use of oxygen, which can be judged by the characteristics of the venous blood; at the same time, the determined oxygen consumption increases due to hyperventilation. One month after the treatment, these indicators were no longer significantly different from the control values. A similar trend is noted in the analysis of oxygen tension in arterial and venous blood, with a gradual normalization of indicators against the background of the use of phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The determination of the alveolar-arterial difference in oxygen showed an increase in the indicator in the experimental group compared to the control group. Most of the indicators we studied contributed to the decrease in oxygen, thus increasing the efficiency of external respiration. Conclusions. Phosphatidylcholine liposomes are an effective means of complex therapy of pneumonia. The drug has a normalizing effect on the level of energy metabolism in the body and normalizes oxygen consumption, contributing to a faster recovery of the optimal intensity of metabolic processes.

The article considers important aspects of the organization of the educational process at the Donetsk National Medical University. Active perception and processing of symbolic educational information requires a special organization, well-thought-out methods of presenting educational material, which contribute to the active work of the student's thinking when reading and comprehending the content of the presented material, memorizing information. The leading type of information perception, when using information and communication technologies, is visual. The study reveals the formation of subject competencies in medical students during the analysis of statistical reports of health care institutions according to statistical reporting forms No. 2 for the Kirovohrad region for 2022, which were provided by the Municipal institution "Kirovohrad Regional Center for AIDS Prevention and Control". HIV infection was analyzed in the districts of Kirovohrad region, namely, in Novomyrhorod district, Oleksandrivka district, Dobrovelichka district, Znamyanka district, Ustinivka district, and a statistical analysis was made with visualization of the results in the form of visual models: bar and pie charts. Practical training of students is a mandatory component of the educational and professional program for obtaining a qualification level and is aimed at acquiring professional skills and abilities that will be necessary in professional activities. For example, in the AIDS Center, infectious disease doctors have an electronic tool for taking ART, testing for DM-4 and VL, which includes information about the patient, contact numbers and other things, which makes it possible to monitor the impact of therapy on the patient's condition, necessity and timeliness examination for DM-4 and VL. Data are entered by doctors and nurses every day after the patient is admitted. The analysis of the electronic tool is performed once every 2 weeks, before each scheduled blood sampling for the examination of DM-4 and VN, the data is used to remind and invite patients for the appropriate examinations. The use of schematic visualization of medical information contributed to the formation of more rational methods of working with educational material for future doctors.

The article presents an overview of sources on Africa and global communism that cover the period between 1920s and 1970s and are stored in the central archives of the Russian Federation (RGASPI, RGANI, GARF, RGAE, AVP RF). It also provides information on documentary collections and digitalised sources. Without claiming to be exhaustive, this presentation aims to introduce major collections, to outline possible research directions and to facilitate therefore the study of this vast subject for non-Russian scholars, when work in Russian archives becomes more accessible again.

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