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Detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) with chlorinated (ND-Cl) and carboxylated (ND-COOH) surfaces were obtained. The broad-spectrum antibiotic Amikacin (Amik) was covalently grafted to the chlorinated surface (ND-Amik) and immobilized by adsorption to carboxylated surface (Amik/ND-COOH). Biological testing in vitro showed the presence of antibacterial activity of the obtained samples against Staphylococcus aureus FDA P209 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, close to activity of free amikacin. It was revealed that to maintain antibacterial activity of the samples after their preliminary treatment, important factors such as the use of antioxidants (hydrosulfite and sodium citrate) and lyophilization were necessary.

In recent years, detonation nanodiamond is regarded as a promising material for biomedical applications. However, a significant problem that stops of intensive development of this area is a absence of commercial NDs standardization. This article presents the results of the study of physicоchemical properties of several industrial nanodiamonds available in the international market. The differences of physicochemical characteristics of nanodiamonds produced, selected and purified in various ways are shown. A method is developed for industrial processing of nanodiamonds, that represents high-temperature hydrogenation of diamond surface and allows to unify their properties. It is shown that after these processing nanodiamonds have the same surface chemistry and can form stable hydrosols. The proposed method of industrial nanodiamonds unification can become a universal method of its standardization.

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