he herein study was devoted to overcome the obstacles dealing with the utilization of the live attenuated Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF) vaccine viz, the cold chain and the undesirable post-vaccinal reaction. Methylglucoside-sucrose (MS) was proved to be an excellent stabilizer for BEF thermostable vaccine. The permissible titer of the lyophilized MS-BEF thermostable vaccine was achieved even after 6 months at 25°C, 3 months at 37°C and 20 days at 45°C. The study revealed that freeze-dried MS-BEF thermostable vaccine was reconstituted with saponine (0.2µg/dose) as inactivator just at the time of inoculation. Such investigations were carried out on 4 groups of calves each was consisted of three animals. The first group animals were inoculated with the MS-BEF thermostable vaccine kept at 25°C for 6 months. The second groups were inoculated with the forementioned vaccine kept at 37°C for 3 months. The third group animals were vaccinated with BEF vaccine kept at 45 for 20 days. (The vaccine titer was 10 5.5 TCID50/ml in the three above mentioned groups), whereas the fourth group was kept as nonvaccinated normal controls. The three animal groups received booster dose at two weeks post-first vaccination. It has been deduced that such vaccine effectively induced high mean BEF neutralizing antibody titers post-boostering vaccination and protected cattle for one year. Thus, MS stabilizer was recommended for preparation of thermostable live BEF vaccine inactivated at the spot with saponine.

Purpose Bovine respiratory disease is a worldwide health concern in the feedlot cattle causing morbidity and mortality in young with major economic losses to the producer. Programs of vaccination are integral parts of preventive health programs. We aim to prepare and evaluate lyophilized combined inactivated viruses (bovine viral diarrhea virus [BVDV] genotypes 1 and 2, bovine herpes virus type 1.1 [BoHV-1.1], bovine parainfluenza-3 virus [BPI-3V], and bovine respiratory syncytial virus [BRSV]) vaccine using saponin as a solvent and adjuvant in cattle. Materials and Methods Lyophilized Pneumo-5 vaccine was formulated to include the inactivated BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV. The saponin solution was used as an adjuvant and solvent. The prepared vaccines were adjusted to contain 1- and 1.5-mg saponin/dose. It was evaluated for its sterility, safety, and potency in mice and calves. The antibody titers in vaccinated calves were measured by virus neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The Pneumo-5 vaccine was found to be free from any contaminants and safe in mice. Meanwhile, the vaccine showed safety in calves which inoculated intramuscularly with the double dose of the vaccines. The overall immune response reached its peak in the 2nd-month post-vaccination. The vaccine contained saponin 1.5 mg/dose reached its antibodies peak in the 4th-week post-vaccination. All groups of vaccinated calves with both concentrations of the saponin did not show statistical significance in antibody titers measured by serum neutralization test and/or ELISA. Conclusion The prepared vaccine, namely Pneumo-5, and adjuvanted with either 1 or 1.5 mg/dose saponin was proved safe and potent for effectual protection of calves against BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV.

This work presents cultural characterization of Peste Des Petites Ruminants (PPR) virus in VERO-culture. The VERO cells are currently considered as an acceptable cell substrate to produce a wide range of viruses. This study evaluates the best time for inoculation of PPR virus on VERO cell cultures; the study proved that the optimum time was 24 hours after subculture of VERO cell line using MOI 2: 1. It was also found that the best time of harvstation of virus fluid of PPR was 9 th day post inoculation to reach the best titre 6 log10 TCID50 /ml. ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

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