Abstract. Data represented in the form of geospatial context and detailed building information are prominently nurturing infrastructure development and smart city applications. Bringing open-formats from data acquisition level to information engineering accelerates geospatial technologies towards urban sustainability and knowledge-based systems. BIM and GIS technologies are known to excel in this domain. However, fundamental level differences lie among their data-formats, which developed integration methods to bridge the gap between these distinct domains. Several studies have conducted data, process, and application-level integration, considering the significance of collaboration among these information systems. Although integration methods have narrowed the gap of geometric dissimilarity, semantic inconsistency, and information loss yet add constraints towards achieving interoperability. Integration using semantic web technology is more flexible and enables process-level integration without changing data format and structure. However, due to its developing nature and complex BIM-GIS data-formats, most approaches adapted requires human intervention. This paper presents a method, named OGGD (Ontology Generation for Geospatial Data), that implements a formal method for automatic ontology generation from XSD documents using transformation patterns following three extensive processes; first, formalization of XSD elements and transformation patterns; the second process identifies corresponding patterns explicitly, and the last process generates ontology for XSD schema. XSD elements from open-standard data models of BIM and GIS, ifcXML and CityGML, are manipulated and transformed into a semantically rich OWL model. The ontology models created can be applicable for information-based integration systems that will nurture knowledge-discovery and urban applications.

Abstract. Establishing semantic interoperability between BIM and GIS is vital for geospatial information exchange. Semantic web have a natural ability to provide seamless semantic representation and integration among the heterogeneous domains like BIM and GIS through employing ontology. Ontology models can be defined (or generated) using domain-data representations and further aligned across other ontologies by the semantic similarity of their entities - introducing cross-domain ontologies to achieve interoperability of heterogeneous information. However, due to extensive semantic features and complex alignment (mapping) relations between BIM and GIS data formats, many approaches are far from generating semantically-rich ontologies and perform effective alignment to address geospatial interoperability. This study highlights the fundamental perspectives to be addressed for BIM and GIS interoperability and proposes a comprehensive conceptual framework for automatic ontology generation followed by ontology alignment of open-standards for BIM and GIS data formats. It presents an approach based on transformation patterns to automatically generate ontology models, and semantic-based and structure-based alignment techniques to form cross-domain ontology. Proposed two-phase framework provides ontology model generation for input XML schemas (i.e. of IFC and CityGML formats), and illustrates alignment technique to potentially develop a cross-domain ontology. The study concludes anticipated results of cross-domain ontology can provides future perspectives in knowledge-discovery applications and seamless information exchange for BIM and GIS.