Introduction. Every driver of a vehicle must be able to provide first aid (FA). Ignorance of the rules of FA can lead to untimely or poor quality of its provision and consequently to an increase in disability and mortality of people involved in a road traffic accident (RTA). Purpose: to assess the level of knowledge about the rules for providing FA, depending on the driving experience. Materials and methods. An anonymous survey was conducted among drivers of vehicles in the city of Krasnoarmeysk. The survey involved 85 respondents who were divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 30) – drivers with less than 2 years of experience; group 2 (n = 30) – drivers with experience from 10 to 15 years; group 3 (n = 25) – drivers with more than 25 years of experience. In the course of the survey, the level of knowledge about FA was assessed, the readiness to provide it and experience in this, possible reasons for the low level of knowledge about FA and possible ways to improve it. Results. Group 1 drivers are more informed (96,7 %) regarding the designation of the place of an RTA and the rules for calling an ambulance. Respondents of the 1st group also remember best and can put into practice FA. There is a decrease in the level of theoretical and practical knowledge, depending on the increase in driving experience. Respondents of group 1 considered the lack of practice on mannequins in driving schools to be the reason for the decrease in knowledge, drivers of groups 2 and 3 – the lack of updating old knowledge about FA; also, some drivers pointed to the low level of education in driving schools. The higher the driving experience and the lower the level of knowledge about FA, the higher the desire of drivers to increase the level of knowledge and make classes or courses to improve them mandatory and regular. Conclusion. Young drivers have a fairly good level of theoretical and practical knowledge about the provision of FA, drivers with more than 10–15 years of experience have a rather low level of knowledge. Many drivers will not be able to apply this knowledge in life on their own. Therefore, in our opinion, it is necessary to introduce mandatory regular courses or classes in order to increase the level of knowledge about FA.

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The enigmatic “y-larvae” (Pancrustacea: Facetotecta) still have an incompletely understood lifecycle, and their adult forms remain unknown despite their discovery more than 100 years ago and their documented global occurrence from shallow waters to the deep-sea. Only two of the 17 formally described species, all based on larval stages, have been investigated using an integrative taxonomic approach that, besides providing descriptions of the morphology of the naupliar and cyprid stages, also made use of exuvial voucher material and DNA barcodes. To improve our knowledge about the systematics and phylogenetics of y-larvae, we developed a novel protocol that maximizes the amount of morphological, ecological, and molecular data that can be harvested from single individuals of these tiny larvae. This revolves around single larva barcoding, and includes daily imaging of y-nauplii reared in culture dishes, mounting of their last naupliar exuviae on a slide as a reference voucher, live imaging of the y-cyprid instar that follows, and fixation, DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing of the y-cyprid specimen. By developing and testing a suite of new primers for both nuclear and mitochondrial protein-coding and ribosomal genes, we estimated the most comprehensive phylogeny of Facetotecta to date. We expect that our novel procedure will help to unravel the complex systematics of y-larvae and show how these fascinating larval forms have evolved. Moreover, we posit that our protocols should work on larval specimens of a diverse array of molting marine invertebrate taxa.

The work includes 30 patients with thermal burns of I–II degree, the area of which amounted to 15–20%, living in Saratov for the period from 2011 to 2021. All injuries were obtained in everyday conditions by ingesting hot liquid on various parts of the body. The average age was 28±5 years. There were 19 men (63,3%), 11 women (36,7%) people. Anti-shock measures were carried out for all victims, including the introduction of polyglucin infusion therapy, the imposition of aseptic bandages, and pain relief. The first group (main) included patients who were given narcotic analgesics as pain relief, the second (comparison) included victims who were given non-drug analgesics as pain relief. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the use of narcotic analgesics at the prehospital stage leads to the early cessation of pain syndrome, the prevention of the development of traumatic shock and improves the results of treatment of such victims.