No abstract

The manifestations of climatic changes on the territory of the south of the European part of Russia are considered. The estimates for the changes in the seasonal and annual average, maximum and minimum air temperatures, in the seasonal and annual sum of precipitation, daily maximum precipitation as well as the dynamics of the number of their extreme values ​​in different climatic zones of southern Russia and in different seasons are obtained. Possible effects of climate change on the functioning of the construction industry in different climatic zones of the region are considered.

The state of the physics of convective clouds and cloud seeding is discussed briefly. It is noted that at the present time there is a transition from the stage of investigation of "elementary" processes in the clouds to the stage of studying the formation of macro-and microstructural characteristics of clouds as a whole, taking into account their system properties. The main directions of the development of cloud physics at the upcoming stage of its development are discussed. The paper points out that one of these areas is the determination of the structure-forming factors for the clouds and the study of their influence on their formation and evolution. It is noted that one of such factors is the interaction of clouds with their surrounding atmosphere, and the main method of studying its role in the processes of cloud formation is mathematical modeling. A three-dimensional nonstationary model of convective clouds is presented with a detailed account of the processes of thermohydrodynamics and microphysics, which is used for research. The results of modeling the influence of the wind field structure in the atmosphere on the formation and evolution of clouds are presented. It is shown that the dynamic characteristics of the atmosphere have a significant effect on the formation of macro-and microstructural characteristics of convective clouds: the more complex the structure of the wind field in the atmosphere (i.e., the more intense the interaction of the atmosphere and the cloud), the less powerful the clouds are formed.

A three–dimensional numerical model of a convective cloud developed by the authors, taking into account thermodynamic, microphysical and electrical processes, is presented. The model is characterized by the use of detailed microphysics with a large number of particle size gradations. There are taken into account: the accumulation of charges in the cloud, the electric field, the electric coagulation of cloud particles. The technique of formation of three–dimensional initial data at initialization of model is developed. On the basis of the developed model with a detailed description of the processes for the first time is studied the formation of macro– and micro structural and electrical parameters. The dynamics of changes in the characteristics of thunderstorm clouds at the stage of growth and maximum development are determined. Electrical characteristics of thunderstorm clouds at different times and their relationship with micro structural parameters are investigated. The spatial structure of voluminous electric charges in a cloud, three–dimensional distribution of electric field intensity are determined. A quantitative assessment of the effect of electric coagulation on the rate of precipitation in powerful clouds is obtained.