Aims: Although Russia has one of the highest rates of alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable burden of disease, little is known about the existing research on prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) in this country. The objective of this study was to locate and review published and unpublished studies related to any aspect of PAE and FASD conducted in or using study populations from Russia. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in multiple English and Russian electronic bibliographic databases. In addition, a manual search was conducted in several major libraries in Moscow. Results: The search revealed a small pool of existing research studies related to PAE and/or FASD in Russia (126: 22 in English and 104 in Russian). Existing epidemiological data indicate a high prevalence of PAE and FASD, which underlines the strong negative impact that alcohol has on mortality, morbidity and disability in Russia. High levels of alcohol consumption by women of childbearing age, low levels of contraception use, and low levels of knowledge by health and other professionals regarding the harmful effects of PAE put this country at great risk of further alcohol-affected pregnancies. Conclusions: Alcohol preventive measures in Russia warrant immediate attention. More research focused on alcohol prevention and policy is needed in order to reduce alcohol-related harm, especially in the field of FASD.

Background. Academic success in a higher education institution requires the ability to process large amounts of information in a relatively short period of time, including having proficiency at a high level of basic knowledge, and an ability to cope with stress. Continual study overload, a competitive environment, and ethical dilemmas (e.g. "How should I deal with human suffering?", "How should I convey the diagnosis?", "How should I tell someone that palliative treatment is the only option?", "What if I make a mistake?") can all result in anxiety and depression. Research has shown that students who show signs of anxiety and depression may have maladaptive cognitive strategies for processing their emotional experiences. In the medical community, the rules concerning one's own emotions are, on one hand, determined by specific ethical standards (e.g., the idea that physicians should not show their emotions), and on the other, by the stressful situation itself, which requires taking responsibility for another person's life. The additional stress point is the need for constant study, which requires a pro-active attitude and learning more and more skills. A significant number of physicians tend to ignore their own emotional experiences, or suppress them. The present study deals with indications of anxiety and depression on the basis of such emotional schemas, which we suggest play the key role in the development of emotional maladaptation in medical students.Objective. In this study we observe signs of anxiety and depression in medical students and their dependence upon the intensity of dysfunctional emotional schemas.Design. The number of participants was 400, comprised of students from general medicine (n = 300) and dentistry (n = 100) at the Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry.Methods. We took from the Symptom Check List-90-Revised (Russian version, N.V. Tarabrina N.V.) the subscales related to affective and anxiety disorders: anxiety, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsiveness, somatization, and phobic anxiety. We also used 28 items from the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale II (the Russian version, adapted by the authors and Y.A. Kochetkov).Results. The medical students fell into two groups: those with low and those with high intensity of the dysfunctional schemas. The groups were distinguished by which ofThe Role of Emotional Schemas in Anxiety and Depression… 131Leahy's basic emotional regulation strategies, either normalizing or pathologizing, they used. The pathologizing students followed strict, maladaptive rules concerning their emotional experiences. Students with intense dysfunctional schemas also demonstrated signs of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, and somatization. The students who saw their emotions as normal demonstrated lower levels of dysfunctional emotional schemas. As stated in Leahy's emotional schemas theory, such students tend to see their emotions as a normal, important, and meaningful part of their daily lives. Analysis has shown that these types ...

Повторяющиеся мысли (руминации) о негативных событиях и переживаниях все чаще рассматриваются как трансдиагностический процесс, лежащий в основе различных форм психической патологии, включая тревогу и депрессию. Подчеркиваются роль нарушенного контроля внимания и негативный характер отклонений в патогенезе заболевания. Руминации развиваются не только у пациентов с депрессией, но и у тех, кто страдал ею в прошлом (чаще у женщин, чем у мужчин), а также в группах риска по депрессии [1, 2]. Депрессивные руминации предвещают манифестацию и развитие большой депрессии и поддерживают ее [3, 4]. При наличии выраженных руминаций отмечен слабый ответ пациентов как на лечение антидепрессантами, так и на когнитивноповеденческую терапию (КПТ) [5, 6]. Цель настоящей статьи-обобщить современные представления о депрессивных руминациях и существующих подходах к их лечению. Депрессивные руминации S. Nolen-Hoeksema [7] определяет депрессивные руминации как «поведение и мысли, которые сосредотачивают чье-либо внимание на депрессивной симптоматике и импликации этой симптоматики». Типичное проявление руминаций-повторяющиеся и

Fear of disease progression is one of the most common sources of psychological distress in patients suffering from chronic diseases. Fear of disease progression is a situationspecific and fully discernible (reportable) emotion based on personal experience of a life-threatening disease. This article presents the results of a study of cancer patients' coping behavior according to the levels of fear of disease progression experienced. The presence of pronounced fear of disease progression reflects a negative cognitive-affective response to one's expectations for one's own future; this response is related to a decrease in adaptive capacity. To determine the particular characteristics of coping strategies and coping resources in women with reproductive-system cancers according to the level of fear of disease progression. A total of 177 women with reproductive-system cancers were examined, among them 59 with breast cancer and 118 with gynecological cancers. Women with reproductive-system cancers have varying sets of coping strategies and coping resources according to their level of fear of disease progression. For each of the differentiated groups, specific characteristics of the strategies of coping with difficult life situations are described, along with cognitive self-regulation strategies specific to the illness and to coping resources. The women exhibiting moderate fear of disease progression significantly more often adhered to problem-oriented strategies of coping with difficult life situations and illness and had an internal locus of control regarding treatment. Patients with a low level of fear of disease progression tended to use strategies of positive reinterpretation of difficult life situations and illness; an external locus of control regarding treatment prevailed in this group. Patients found to have a dysfunctional level of fear of disease progression displayed significantly higher rates of using cognitive-regulation strategies focused on negative aspects of illness, as well as strategies for avoiding difficult life situations. Fear of disease progression is a psychological problem in women with N. A. Sirota, D. V. Moskovchenko, V. M. Yaltonsky, V. V. Guldan, A. V. Yaltonskaya reproductive-system cancers. Higher levels of fear of disease progression are associated with a decrease in the psychosocial adaptation of women suffering from reproductivesystem cancers.

Objective: to analyze the subjective perception of the disease, coping behavior and adherence to treatment as parameters of psychological adaptation of patients with immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases (IIRD).Patients and methods. 163 women with IIRD who were on inpatient treatment were examined: 63 with systemic lupus erythematosus, 50 with rheumatoid arthritis, and 50 with systemic scleroderma. The mean age of the patients was 34.00±17.46 years.Results and discussion. Groups of patients with different types of perception of the disease were identified: "Unformed perception of the disease" (group 1), "Positive perception of disease control" (group 2), "Negative perception of disease threat" (group 3). When comparing the three groups, it was found that in the group with an unformed perception of the disease, negative emotional experiences were less pronounced than in the other two groups. At the same time, the coping strategies "Self-control" and "Problem solving planning" were significantly higher in the group of patients who positively perceived the control of their disease.Conclusion. Psychological adaptation of patients with IIRD depends on the type of perception of the disease. The identification of two basic profiles (“Disease threat perception” and “Disease and treatment control perception”) and three types of disease perception (“Unformed type of disease perception”, “Positive perception of disease control”, “Negative perception of the disease threat”) made it possible to obtain new, more differentiated ideas about the perception of the disease, which is the target of correctional psychological work with patients suffering from IIRD.