Background. Academic success in a higher education institution requires the ability to process large amounts of information in a relatively short period of time, including having proficiency at a high level of basic knowledge, and an ability to cope with stress. Continual study overload, a competitive environment, and ethical dilemmas (e.g. "How should I deal with human suffering?", "How should I convey the diagnosis?", "How should I tell someone that palliative treatment is the only option?", "What if I make a mistake?") can all result in anxiety and depression. Research has shown that students who show signs of anxiety and depression may have maladaptive cognitive strategies for processing their emotional experiences. In the medical community, the rules concerning one's own emotions are, on one hand, determined by specific ethical standards (e.g., the idea that physicians should not show their emotions), and on the other, by the stressful situation itself, which requires taking responsibility for another person's life. The additional stress point is the need for constant study, which requires a pro-active attitude and learning more and more skills. A significant number of physicians tend to ignore their own emotional experiences, or suppress them. The present study deals with indications of anxiety and depression on the basis of such emotional schemas, which we suggest play the key role in the development of emotional maladaptation in medical students.Objective. In this study we observe signs of anxiety and depression in medical students and their dependence upon the intensity of dysfunctional emotional schemas.Design. The number of participants was 400, comprised of students from general medicine (n = 300) and dentistry (n = 100) at the Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry.Methods. We took from the Symptom Check List-90-Revised (Russian version, N.V. Tarabrina N.V.) the subscales related to affective and anxiety disorders: anxiety, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsiveness, somatization, and phobic anxiety. We also used 28 items from the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale II (the Russian version, adapted by the authors and Y.A. Kochetkov).Results. The medical students fell into two groups: those with low and those with high intensity of the dysfunctional schemas. The groups were distinguished by which ofThe Role of Emotional Schemas in Anxiety and Depression… 131Leahy's basic emotional regulation strategies, either normalizing or pathologizing, they used. The pathologizing students followed strict, maladaptive rules concerning their emotional experiences. Students with intense dysfunctional schemas also demonstrated signs of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, and somatization. The students who saw their emotions as normal demonstrated lower levels of dysfunctional emotional schemas. As stated in Leahy's emotional schemas theory, such students tend to see their emotions as a normal, important, and meaningful part of their daily lives. Analysis has shown that these types ...

Fear of disease progression is one of the most common sources of psychological distress in patients suffering from chronic diseases. Fear of disease progression is a situationspecific and fully discernible (reportable) emotion based on personal experience of a life-threatening disease. This article presents the results of a study of cancer patients' coping behavior according to the levels of fear of disease progression experienced. The presence of pronounced fear of disease progression reflects a negative cognitive-affective response to one's expectations for one's own future; this response is related to a decrease in adaptive capacity. To determine the particular characteristics of coping strategies and coping resources in women with reproductive-system cancers according to the level of fear of disease progression. A total of 177 women with reproductive-system cancers were examined, among them 59 with breast cancer and 118 with gynecological cancers. Women with reproductive-system cancers have varying sets of coping strategies and coping resources according to their level of fear of disease progression. For each of the differentiated groups, specific characteristics of the strategies of coping with difficult life situations are described, along with cognitive self-regulation strategies specific to the illness and to coping resources. The women exhibiting moderate fear of disease progression significantly more often adhered to problem-oriented strategies of coping with difficult life situations and illness and had an internal locus of control regarding treatment. Patients with a low level of fear of disease progression tended to use strategies of positive reinterpretation of difficult life situations and illness; an external locus of control regarding treatment prevailed in this group. Patients found to have a dysfunctional level of fear of disease progression displayed significantly higher rates of using cognitive-regulation strategies focused on negative aspects of illness, as well as strategies for avoiding difficult life situations. Fear of disease progression is a psychological problem in women with N. A. Sirota, D. V. Moskovchenko, V. M. Yaltonsky, V. V. Guldan, A. V. Yaltonskaya reproductive-system cancers. Higher levels of fear of disease progression are associated with a decrease in the psychosocial adaptation of women suffering from reproductivesystem cancers.

Research was carried out to explore coping strategies in cancer patients. In all, 70 women with breast cancer were studied: 35 of them had visible postsurgery deformity, and 35 did not have visible postsurgery deformity. The purpose of the research was to uncover their preferences for using various strategies and resources to cope with their illness. The results showed that both groups of women had a special set of strategies for coping with stress. The women with visible postsurgery deformity made significantly less use of resources for coping with their illness than did the subgroup of women without visible postsurgery deformity.

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Бронхиальная астма (БА) в силу своей большой распространенности и высокого уровня смертности является не только важной медицинской пробле мой, но также имеет значительные психологические и социальные последствия для данного контингента больных, что обусловливает комплексный медико психологический подход в лечении. Вышеизложен ное определяет целесообразность поиска механиз мов саморегуляции психической деятельности, ресурсов организма и личности пациента для успеш ного приспособления к заболеванию и преодоления его последствий. Отдельное место в контексте пси хологической адаптации пациентов с БА должно за нять изучение особенностей поведения, совладаю щего со стрессом, вызванным болезнью.Под совладающим поведением понимают осо бый вид социального поведения субъекта, обеспечи вающего или разрушающего его здоровье и благопо лучие [1]. R.Lazarus определяет копинг поведение как постоянно меняющиеся когнитивные и пове денческие усилия, затрачиваемые индивидуумом, с целью совладания со специфическими внешними и / или внутренними требованиями, которые оцени ваются как чрезмерные или превышающие ресурсы человека [2]. Единого определения и классификации копинг стратегий не существует. По мнению С.Car ver et al. [3], адаптивные копинг стратегии направле ны на разрешение проблемной ситуации, например: активные действия, направленные на устранение ис точника стресса, положительная переоценка ситуа ции, поиск социальной поддержки. Следующая группа стратегий не связана с активными действия ми, но также положительно влияет на адаптацию субъекта в трудной ситуации. Это может быть ожи дание подходящих условий для решения проблемы, концентрирование на источнике стресса, снижение активности в отношении других дел и проблем. В 3 ю группу входят неадаптивные стратегии, такие как эмоциональное реагирование в стрессовой ситу ации, отрицание произошедшего, избегание разре шения ситуации. Отдельную группу составляют "юмор", "религия", "употребление ПАВ".За рубежом исследования совладающего поведе ния при БА проводятся достаточно регулярно [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Отечественные исследования совладающего поведе ния больных БА единичны и фрагментарны. БА яв ляется дистрессом, эффективность адаптации к ко торому существенно влияет на течение заболевания, его прогноз, качество жизни и социальное функцио нирование пациента. Категоризация способов совла дания со стрессом, вызванным болезнью, позволит учитывать их при оказании специализированной Investigation of active behavioral coping with stress as a mechanism of adaptation / disadaptation to the disease in patients with bronchial asthma SummaryThe purpose of the study was to investigate active coping strategies as a mechanism of psychological adaptation / disadaptation to the disease in patients with bronchial asthma (n = 120) of 30 to 60 years of age. Psychological investigation was done using the "Ways of Coping Questionnaire". The study has found that protective mechanisms were primarily observed in the personality structure of asthma patients; this could contribute to the development of ...