Aims: This research sought to determine optimal corn waste stream-based fermentation medium C and N sources and incubation time to maximize pigment production by an indigenous Indonesian Penicillium spp., as well as to assess pigment pH stability. Methods and Results: A Penicillium spp. was isolated from Indonesian soil, identified as Penicillium resticulosum, and used to test the effects of carbon and nitrogen type and concentrations, medium pH, incubation period and furfural on biomass and pigment yield (PY) in a waste corncob hydrolysate basal medium. Maximum red PY (497Á03 AE 55Á13 mg l À1 ) was obtained with a 21 : 1 C : N ratio, pH 5Á5-6Á0; yeast extract-, NH 4 NO 3 -, NaNO 3 -, MgSO 4 Á7H 2 O-, xylose-or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-supplemented medium and 12 days (25°C, 60-70% relative humidity, dark) incubation. C source, C, N and furfural concentration, medium pH and incubation period all influenced biomass and PY. Pigment was pH 2-9 stable. Conclusions: Penicillium resticulosum demonstrated microbial pH-stablepigment production potential using a xylose or CMC and N source, supplemented waste stream cellulose culture medium. Significance and Impact of the Study: Corn derived, waste stream cellulose can be used as a culture medium for fungal pigment production. Such application provides a process for agricultural waste stream resource reuse for production of compounds in increasing demand.

Inhibitor fermentation is one of the problems that arise in the ethanol production from lignocellulose waste. This work examined the ethanol yield and sugar consumption of mono and co-culture S. cerevisiae with C. tropicalis in media containing inhibitor fermentation. Furfural and phenol were used for inhibitor fermentation in basal medium with concentrations of 2.0 and 5.0 %, respectively. The basal medium contained 20 g.L-1 glucose, 20 g.L-1 D (+) xylose, 20 g.L-1 arabinose, 4 g.L-1 urea, 3 g.L-1 NaNO3, 3 g.L-1 NH4NO3, 1 g.L-1 KH3PO4 and 0.7 g.L-1 MgSO4·7H2O with pH adjusted to 5.5 with 1 mol.L-1 HCl. After furfural or phenol addition separately, and inoculation by mono and co-culture S. cerevisiae FNCC 3012 with C. tropicalis FNCC 3033, all media were incubated at 28–29 °C, 50% r.h. in the dark for 5 days in a rotary incubator at 60 rev/min. We found yeast colony count, sugar consumption, ethanol yields and efficiency of fermentation by co-culture S. cerevisiae with C. tropicalis higher than mono-culture S. cerevisiae or C.tropicalis in the fermentation media with or without inhibitors. This work indicated that co-culture S. cerevisiae with C. tropicalis were more tolerant to furfural and phenol. Ethanol yield 8.52%, 5.37% and 3.83% obtained from basal medium, basal medium plus 2.5 or 5.0 % furfural, respectively and efficiency of fermentation 27.00%, 17.00% and 12.20%. Ethanol yields 8.13%, 5.62% and 3.19% obtained from basal medium, basal medium plus 2.5 or 5.0 % phenol, respectvely and efficiency of fermentation 28.20%, 20.00% and 14.00%. Co-culture S. cerevisiae FNCC 3012 with C. tropicalis 3033 demonstrated potential as a fermentation process for ethanol production from lignocellulosic media content inhibitors. The use of this co-culture effectively utilizes hexose and pentose sugars in the substrate, increasing the yield and efficiency of fermentation for ethanol production.

The use of agricultural by-product as feed stock and co-culture fermentation is a good strategy for improving the efficiency of fermentation and ethanol production. Most rice husks have low protein and nitrogen content and need to be supplemented with nitrogen for fermentation process. This research sought to determine the optimal supplementation of rice husk stream-based fermentation medium with nitrogen and molasses sources, initial pH and incubation time for maximizing ethanol production by coculturing Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Candida tropicalis. Urea, sodium nitrate and ammonium nitrate were used as nitrogen sources and molasses was used as carbon sources. Co-cultures of S.

Pemakaian fitobiotik yang dapat meningkatkan performans produksi dan kualitas daging ayam broiler terus dilakukan. Penggunaan herbal yang mengandung komponen metabolik merupakan salah satu strategi yang sangat penting. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi performans produksi dan kualitas daging ayam broiler yang diberi minuman fitobiotik pada periode finisher. Penelitian telah dilakukan secara eksperimental menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan minuman fitobiotik 0, 30, 60, dan 90% pada ayam broiler umur 25-40 hari dan diulang 5 kali. Fitobiotik cair yang digunakan berupa campuran dari serbuk kunyit:kencur:jahe:  temulawak:daun salam dengan perbandingan 1:1:1:1:2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian fitobiotik signifikan (P<0.05) meningkatkan berat badan, berat karkas dan konsumsi pakan broiler. Pemberian 30% fitobiotik menghasilkan berat badan, berat karkas dan konsumsi pakan signifikan (P<0.05) lebih besar dibandingkan  pemberian 0, 60 dan 90% fitobiotik. Hasil analisis kadar lemak an kolesterol daging broiler yang diberi fitobiotik signifikan (P<0.05) lebih rendah daripada kadar lemak daging broiler yang tidak diberi fitobiotik. Pemberian 60% fitobiotik signifikan (P<0.05) lebih rendah dibandingkan pemberian 0, 30 dan 90% fitobiotik. Sedangkan hasil analisis kadar protein daging broiler yang diberi 60% fitobiotik signifikan (P<0.05) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pemberian 0, 30 dan 90% fitobiotik. Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian fitobiotik dapat mempengaruhi performans produksi dan kualitas daging ayam ayam broiler periode finisher. Pemberian 30% fitobiotik dapat meningkatkan sebanyak 20% berat badan, berat karkas dan konsumsi pakan. Sedangkan pemberian 60% fitobiotik meningkatkan 78.58% kadar protein daging dan menurunkan sebanyak 70,54% kadar lemak daging serta 75% kadar kolesterol daging.

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