This study aimed at investigating the effects of Escravos crude oil on spermatogenesis in relation to serum concentrations of estradiol and total cholesterol. A total of 30 male Chinchilla rabbits within the age range of 12 to 14 weeks and weighing 1.2 kg to 1.45 kg were used in this study. The doses of 00, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg kg -1 body weight of Escravos crude oil were orally administered to groups A, B, C, D and E, respectively for 28 days. Serum concentrations of estradiol and total cholesterol were estimated using the microplate enzyme immunoassay and enzymatic end point methods, respectively. The SPSS software package (version 16) was used for the statistical analyses and results expressed in mean ± Standard Deviation. The results showed dose dependent significant increases in estradiol (18.32 +/-6.46 to 69.41 +/-12.89 pg/ml) and total cholesterol (1.32 +/-0.24 to 2.92 +/-0.34 mmol/l) concentrations (p<0.05), and insignificant increase (p>0.05) in the relative weight of the testis (3.80 +/-0.40 to 5.50 +/-0.90 g). The histology of the testes revealed decreased spermatogenic activity. The findings of this study suggest that Escravos crude oil could be a potential endocrine disruptor and anti-spermatogenic agent.

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Background: Cervical Cancer is the 6th most common and 3rd most deadly cancer among women. Despite the fact that majority of the countries in Asia and Africa have similar economy and low life expectancy, the mean age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of cervical cancer is substantially higher in Africa than Asia. Thus, this study aimed to identify the correlates of the higher ASIR rates in Africa relative to Asia. Methods: Peer-reviewed articles published between 2004 and 2017 were selected using the PRISMA standard. Sources of articles include Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed Central, and EMBASE. Search keywords included: HPV genotypes, cervical cancer, HPV vaccine, and multiple infection in Africa and Asia. Result: A total of 29 and 17 full-length articles were selected from Africa and Asia respectively. Based on estimates in the general population, the incidence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types in Africa and Asia was 3.5 and 1.0 respectively. The prevalence of HPV infection was higher in Africa than in Asia (p< 0.001). The prevalence of HPV infection between 2004-2009 and 2010-2017 decreased in Africa but increased in Asia. More so, the prevalence of multiple HPV and non-vaccine HPV infection were higher in Africa than Asia (p< 0.001). The prevalent HPV types in Africa were HPV16, HPV18, and HPV52, while that of Asia were HPV16, HPV52, and HPV58, in descending order of prevalence. This study revealed that nonavalent HPV vaccine could prevent the development of 69.3% and 83.2% of HPV associated cervical abnormalities in Africa and Asia, respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed higher prevalence of HPV infection and multiple HPV infection in Africa compared with Asia, which could be responsible for the higher ASIR in Africa. It suggests that nonavalent vaccination including cervical screening using Pap smear could prevent over 90% of the cervical abnormalities in Africa.