The scarcity of freshwater is one of the major challenges to the civilized community around the World. So, the various engineered processes have been developed for the remediation of this problem such as osmotic pressure-driven processes (OPDPs). OPDPs includes forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis, which have gained enormous attention and becoming a flexible membrane-based technology for desalination and wastewater treatment. The most significant components of the OPDPs to be efficient are the membranes and the draw solution. Although numerous studies highlighted the membrane fouling and concentration polarization are one of the critical parameters to assess the system efficiency in the OPDPs and other pressure driven membrane processes. This study delivers an up-to-date review of the OPDPs in terms of concentration polarization, membrane fouling (organic, inorganic, and biofouling), foulant interactions, remedial strategies, monitoring and characterization techniques, and future directions of research. Numerous foulant interactions are also elaborated for the OPDPs in the field of the membrane separation technique. State of the art in antifouling membrane fabrication methods are critically reviewed along with different remedial strategies for fouled membranes in OPDPs.

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Rubus niveus (Kala Hisalu) is an economically value-added wild edible berry of the Kumaun Himalayan region. Human beings consume it as a vital source of nutraceuticals leading to increase its additional value. Present study is focused on the comparative analysis of phytoconstituents, free radical scavenging activity and nutrient and anti-nutritional composition of R. niveus berries in two different solvent system i.e. ethanol and water. The in vitro free radical scavenging activity has been investigated by three different assays i.e. DPPH, H2O2 and NO and propounded that ethanolic extracts consist of more active constituents to scavenge different stable and generated radicals than aqueous extracts. This analysis is also supported by the phytochemical studies (estimation of phenols, flavonoids and tannins). The correlation, regression and one way ANOVA analysis also statistically support the results. A positive correlation was found in between phyto- constituent and radical scavenging activity. The results obtained from this investigation revealed out that these are equally competent and could be recommended as dietary supplements or as nutraceuticals.