Deciphering the mechanisms that regulate the sensitivity of pathogen recognition receptors is imperative to understanding infection and inflammation. Here we demonstrate that the RNA triphosphatase dual-specificity phosphatase 11 (DUSP11) acts on both host and virus-derived 5′-triphosphate RNAs rendering them less active in inducing a RIG-I-mediated immune response. Reducing DUSP11 levels alters host triphosphate RNA packaged in extracellular vesicles and induces enhanced RIG-I activation in cells exposed to extracellular vesicles. Virus infection of cells lacking DUSP11 results in a higher proportion of triphosphorylated viral transcripts and attenuated virus replication, which is rescued by reducing RIG-I expression. Consistent with the activity of DUSP11 in the cellular RIG-I response, mice lacking DUSP11 display lower viral loads, greater sensitivity to triphosphorylated RNA, and a signature of enhanced interferon activity in select tissues. Our results reveal the importance of controlling 5′-triphosphate RNA levels to prevent aberrant RIG-I signaling and demonstrate DUSP11 as a key effector of this mechanism.

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Resonant cavity Fabry-Perot structures with embedded multiple quantum well layers are used to create spatial light modulators for a number of signal processing and optical beam steering applications. A review of the SLM development including modulator design considerations, our general approach to modulatordriver integration, and array formats previously demonstrated, will be presented (linear arrays up to 2048X1 and two-dimensional arrays up to 256x256). Optical transitions in MQW structures are inherently fast (>>ns switching times) so that SLMs based on these structures can exhibit high frame rates. The optical modulator is based on a p-i-n device design operated in a reverse bias mode. The speed of the array depends primarily on the speed of the drive electronics (based on the available CMOS or other electronic drivers), the impedance of the individual modulator device, and the scheme used to bring data into the hybrid modulator/driver module. The current drivers are based on mixed signal designs that use 0.5 Um high voltage CMOS technology and a 50MHz data rate. Several examples of the use of the modulators will be given, including the application of the SLMs to hyperspectral data processing and optical beam steering.

Multi-quantum well (MQW) spatial light modulators (SLM) have a significant potential to change the paradigm in a number of applications where a high rate of modulation of a coherent optical source is of interest. Such applications include optical correlators where spatial light modulators are required as input and as filter plane devices .l In this case the effectiveness of the correlator in accomplishing signal processing is directly related to the speed that the spatial light modulators can be operated. In beam steering applications the SLMs are used as a grating (either an intensity grating or a phase grating) to create constructive and destructive interference effects that result in direction of the light in specific directions.' In optical memory systems SLMs can be used as input/output devices for data entry and retrieval.' They are also of interest as the active elements in optical beam routing architectures for data switching or routing?Past reports have described the MQW SLM and have illustrated results where these SLMs were used in specific applications. The MQW SLM was described by Worchesky et a14 and has been subsequently used in a number of demonstrations reported in referenceslS2 and others, . Work by other groups are of interest here, notably Miller's pape? describing modulator results, and more recently Bowman et a1 has described an optically addressable SLM based on resonant cavity devices and references other work related to the MQW SLMs.6In this paper we briefly review the SLM concept, the elements that are used to produce an array, the approach to processing the optical devices and the integration concepts that have so far been employed. We provide an example of a modulator design based on a beam steering application and then we review application results where MQW SLMs were employed in optical correlators for optical processing, optical beam steering, and input/output devices for optical memory systems.Previous reports"'*' have given details of BAE SYSTEMS' SLM performance in a number of applications including optical correlation, signal processing, laser printing, and data conversion systems. Recent efforts have focussed on process improvements and on development of devices for new applications, such as beam steering, 3D LIDAR, and A/D converters.Preliminary electrical results from new 1x512 devices on have demonstrated full electrical operability for this very small pixel pitch (13 pm with 0.8 pm interpixel spacing). With this achievement, further reductions in pixel pitch can be envisioned; this is desirable to increase the maximum beamsteering -' Correspondence: E-Mail: mareie.weiler(d1mco.com; Telephone: 603-885-6029; FAX: 603-885-6036; Address: P. 0. Box 868 NHQ 6-1517, Nashua,

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