Cardiovascular diseases is a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels, including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, peripheral artery disease, congenital heart di­sease, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. The most important behavioral risk factors for heart disease and stroke are poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and harmful alcohol use. The impact of behavioral risk factors may manifest in each individual as high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, overweight, and obesity. The purpose of this study was to give a thorough scientific analysis of yoga’s contribution to the management and prevention of cardiovascular diseases and related risk factors. The records are collected from several databases. We performed an extensive search of the PubMed/Medline electronic database. However, it is believed that the risk of cardiovascular disease can be reduced by adjusting for several risk factors, such as increasing physical activity and using relaxation to reduce stress, both of which are elements of yoga. As yoga has become an increasingly popular form of exercise, it could be an important intervention for primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention. Evidence suggests that regular exercise can reduce the risk of death from cardiovascular disease, and it is beneficial when included in primary and secondary prevention strategies. This review assessed the effectiveness of yoga in reducing various cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, weight, body mass index, lipid profile, blood sugar). There is promising evidence that the practice of yoga improves cardiovascular health. Yoga practice length has a beneficial relationship with reducing the risk of сardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies used limited sample numbers, varied the forms and lengths of their yoga treatments, and omitted information on the processes behind change. The prevention and management of cardiovascular illnesses and associated risk factors, however, might be greatly aided by yoga. To even further understand the numerous possible mechanisms behind yoga’s effects, more research is necessary.

Introduction: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus have a high correlation. Compared to individuals without diabetes, adults with diabetes have a greater prevalence rate of CVDs. This risk steadily increases along with Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels, even before they are high enough to be classified as diabetes. One of the factors contributing to death among people with diabetes mellitus is CVD. QRISK3 algorithm calculates a person's risk of developing a heart attack or stroke over the next 10 years. Aim: To assess the QRISK3 cardiovascular risk score in normoglycaemic, prediabetic and diabetic subjects. Materials and Methods: The present analytical observational study was carried out in the Department of Physiology and Medicine, RUHS College of Medical Sciences and associated Hospital, Jaipur, India, from November 2021 to April 2022. A total of 200 subjects were recruited with >20% QRISK3 CVD risk scores out of 7154 screened patients. Subjects were categorised into three groups (normoglycaemic, prediabetics and diabetics) according to American Diabetes Association criteria. The following parameters were recorded for data collection: anthropometric {Body Mass Index (BMI) Waist Hip Ratio (WHR)}, blood pressure and biochemical {Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid profile parameters). All data collected was entered into Microsoft Excel sheet 2019 and was analysed with help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0 and tests of significance considering level of significance as p-value<0.05. Data was analysed by applying Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) for Diabetes Classification, there were 44 (26.19%) normoglycaemic, 21 (12.5%) prediabetic and 103 (61.31%) diabetic subjects out of the total 200 high-risk subjects. the mean age of was 49.06±9.65 years, 51.15±11.05 years and 51.02±9.74 years for normoglycaemic, prediabetic and diabetic subjects, respectively. There was significant difference of mean values of FBG, HbA1c, total cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Cholesterol (Chl)/HDL ratio, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Triglycerides (TG) and QRISK3 score in three groups. But there was no significant difference in following parameters i.e., age, weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist-hip circumference, WHR, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP). There was hypertriglyceridaemia and low HDL level in prediabetic and diabetic subjects. Conclusion: The present study showed that the cluster of risk factors for CVD also grows as FBG levels and HbA1c levels increase. This study could also assert that these risk factors also increasing with progression of diabetes, which eventually results in increase in risk of CVDs.

Relevance. Сardiovascular status could be assessed by maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) through direct analysis of the gases involved in pulmonary ventilation and monitoring fluctuations in intervals between beats over time as heart rate variability. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between VO2max and heart rate variability in young adults. Materials and Methods. A total of 100 young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 were included in observational study, who did not engage in any strenuous physical activity, 50 of whom were male and 50 of whom were female.There were measured Heart rate variability in the frequency domain; LF, HF, LF/HF, and time domain; SDNN, RMSSD, pNN 50, and VO2max were assessed using a treadmill test according to Graded Exercise Protocol. Results and Discussion. There was weak positive correlation of VO2max with LF ( r = 0.177) and weak negative correlation with HF ( r = -0.141). Male participants had a weak negative relationship between VO2 max and LF ( r = -0.075), whereas female respondents had a weak positive relationship(r = 0.286). There was weak negative correlation of VO2max with LF/HF ratio for male subjects but weak positive correlation ( r = -0.101) for female subjects. For male and female participants, there was a weak negative association of VO2max with SDNN ( r = -0.170) and ( r = -0.301), respectively. Male and female participants had a weak negative association of VO2max with RMSSD, with ( r = -0.154) and ( r = -0.284) respectively. Male and female participants had a slight negative association of VO2max with pNN 50, with ( r = -0.062) and ( r = -0.441) respectively. Conclusion. Significant variations were found in the time domain and frequency domain indices including HF and LF/HF ratio which represents the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic responses.

Relevance. The suprascapular notch is one of the most crucial areas of the scapula from a clinical standpoint. Aside from its anatomical relevance, the suprascapular notch type may also have some clinical implications for suprascapular nerve entrapment. Aim of the study was the determination of the different dimensions of the suprascapular notch based on the maximum depth (MD) and superior transverse diameter (STD), as well as the clinical relation between those dimensions and suprascapular nerve entrapment. Materials and Methods. The study’s materials were 100 unknown dry human scapulae from the from the anatomy department of the Mahatma Gandhi Medical College, Sitapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan. Each scapula was studied for suprascapular notch. From each of the scapulae, maximum depth and superior transverse diameter were determined. Fifty were from right side and Fifty were from left side. Different types of suprascapular notches were observed based on maximum depth and superior transverse diameter. Results and Discussion. In this study, the overall percentage distribution frequency of the suprascapular notch in 100 scapulae is MD STD (25 %), MD = STD (0 %), STD MD (60 %) and SSN Absent (15 %) respectively. The most common SSN type is STD MD (60 %) type and least common SSN type is MD = STD (0 %) type. Conclusion. Morphological examination of the scapular notch reveals a common site of nerve compression and also demonstrates the surgical importance of the scapular nerve during shoulder surgery.