The Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) is defined as a change in the electrical properties of the skin. The signal can be used for capturing the autonomic nerve responses as a parameter of the sweat gland function. The response appears as an increase in the electrical conductance of the skin (a decrease in resistance) across the palms of the hands or soles of the feet. The PGR (psychogalvanic reflex) is mediated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. The PGR is essentially involuntary, although people can be taught to control it somewhat via biofeedback training. As a detector of emotion, the response often has served as one of the indicators in the lie detector, along with blood pressure, pulse, and respiration. The galvanic skin resistance (GSR) is an accessible & sensitive index of peripheral sympathetic nervous activity, reflecting peripheral autonomic change. This test has a potential therapeutic value as GSR biofeedback in assessing seizure frequency in patients with drug resistant epilepsy.

Background: Stormy course has been reported among hospitalized adults with covid-19 in high- and middle-income countries. To assess clinical outcomes in consecutively hospitalized patients with mild covid-19 in India we performed a study. Methods: We developed a case registry of successive patients admitted with suspected covid-19 infection to our hospital (n=501). Covid-19 was diagnosed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Demographic, clinical, investigations details and outcomes were recorded. Descriptive statistics are presented. Results: Covid-19 was diagnosed in 234 (46.7%) and data compared with 267 (53.3%) negative controls. Mean age of covid-9 patients was 35.1+16.6y, 59.4% were <40y and 64% men. Symptoms were in less than 10% and comorbidities were in 4-8%. History of BCG vaccination was in 49% cases vs 10% controls. Cases compared to controls had significantly greater white cell (6.96+1.89 vs 6.12+1.69x109 cells/L) and lower lymphocyte count (1.98+0.79 vs 2.32+0.91x109 cells/L). No radiological and electrocardiographic abnormality was observed. All these were isolated or quarantined in the hospital and observed. Covid-19 patients received hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin according to prevalent guidelines. One patient needed oxygen support while hospital course was uncomplicated in the rest. All were discharged alive. Conversion to virus negative status was in 10.2+6.4 days and was significantly lower in age >40y (9.1+5.2) compared to 40-59y (11.3+6.1) and >60y (16.4+13.3) (p=0.001). Conclusions: This hospital-based registry shows that mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic young covid-19 patients have excellent prognosis.

Background: Being a fatal and 100% preventable disease, all efforts must be made by the health system to prevent even a single case of rabies. By assessing the knowledge of people regarding rabies prevention, we can make plans and policies for its prevention. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge regarding rabies among attendees of anti-rabies clinic of a teaching hospital, Jaipur. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted among attendees of anti-rabies clinic, Govt. R.D.B.P. Jaipuria hospital, Jaipur from February 2018 to July 2018. A total of 107 participants were included in the study. Data was collected using preformed questionnaire. Continuous data were expressed in mean and standard deviation and count data were expressed in proportion. Results: In our study population, only 22.5% respondents had good knowledge, 56% had fair, and 21.5% had poor knowledge. Fatality of rabies was known to 68.2% of participants. One fourth of the participants knew that rabies is not curable, however, approximately 83% knew that it is preventable. Fifty-six percent of the participants were aware about washing the bite wound with soap and water. Approximately one-third (36%) of the participants knew that it is an infectious disease, however, only 7.5% knew that saliva, vomitus, tear, and urine of rabies patient may have rabies virus. Approximately 15% of the attendees had a wrong concept that a single injection is sufficient for immunization. Conclusion: Although this study was done at a teaching hospital, lack of knowledge is still a big issue in urban population as well. This study concludes that knowledge regarding rabies should be highlighted in national programs of India to acknowledge Indian population regarding fatal rabies.

Introduction: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is the maximum quantity of oxygen a person can consume, and it remains constant over time despite increased exertion. The amount of oxygen consumed by the working muscles is measured by maximal oxygen consumption. The maximal oxygen uptake can be measured using maximal or submaximal tests, by gas analyser or field methods. The estimated VO2 max can be used to study people’s fitness and raise awareness about physical activity and lifestyle changes. Aim: To determine the VO2 max values using a direct method and provide normative data of VO2 max for healthy young adults in the age group of 18-25 years in both sexes. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of RUHS College of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. A total of 419 healthy young adults (male and female students) were recruited from RUHSCollege of Medical Sciences and MNIT College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India from January 2019 to March 2020. Anthropometric data included age, height, weight according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and followed by measurement of VO2 max using a gas analyser of AD-Instrument (model-ML206). Collected data was entered in Microsoft excel. Paired t-test was used to compare mean and Standard Deviation (SD) of variables between male and female participants. The p-value of <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The study was conducted on 419 apparently healthy college students (275 male and 144 female). The mean VO2 max value for males was 45.30±7.35 mL/kg/min and for females it was 35.71±5.29 mL/kg/min, which was found to be significantly higher in males than in females. The mean VO2 max among the largest proportion of the males (27.63%) falls in the ‘Good’ category of cardiorespiratory fitness scale and the largest proportion of the females (32.63%) falls in the ‘Fair’ category of cardiorespiratory fitness scale. Conclusion: The value of VO2 max was lower in the Indian population than in the western population, when value obtained from this study was compared with the standard normative value of cardiorespiratory fitness. Therefore, the values obtained in this study could serve as a normative for the Indian population.

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