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Fish is a protein source of high nourishing value consumed in the entire world. In Saharan countries it is consumed fresh, however as dried or smoked. However, fish is subject to both fungal and mycotoxins contamination. This study aims to identify fungal presumed producing mycotoxin and to evaluate the contamination level of aflatoxins B1, B2, and G2. A total of 150 samples of dried and smoked fish (Clarias sp. and Oreochromis sp.) have been collected in different islands of the Fitri lake. Standard methods of microbiology have been used for fungal isolation and identification. Aflatoxins content in fish has been determined using HPLC associate to GCMS. Fifty samples (50) were contaminated by four major fungal kinds. Frequency of fungal was to 40 % (Aspergillus niger), 26 % (Aspergillus fumigatus), 20 % (Mucor sp), 8% (Curvularia spp) and 6% (Scycadium). Twenty (20) samples suspected to be contaminated and analyzed, only seven (7) was contaminated with aflatoxins (B1, B2 and G2). The aflatoxin contamination level vary according to the fish species. Clarias sp. samples are 50 % contaminated by aflatoxins when Oreochromis sp are 20 % contaminated. Aflatoxins rates ranged from 0.01 to 2.78 and 0.09 to 0.32 µg/Kg respectively for aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin B2 for Clarias sp and from 0 to 0.4 µg/Kg of aflatoxin B2 for Oreochromis sp. The mycotoxins level is in average high than the European Union recommendation for dried product. These results call for more sensitization and training for producer for safe dried and smoked fish.Contribution/Originality: This study is one of the very few studies which have investigated the contamination level of aflatoxins B1, B2, and G2 in dried and smoked fishes (Clarias sp and Oreochromis sp.) from Fitri lake in Chad. INTRODUCTIONFish is an important source of nutriments and animal proteins for a large part of the world population (Koranteng et al., 2014). Many processes are used for fish transformation and cooking in several countries in the Sahel. Fish is a protein source more than cow and pig meat and poultries. Fishing and aquaculture in the world

This study was carried out to determine, using microbial and chemical standards methods, the chemical composition, the quality and the major microorganisms of Kawal, fermented Senna obtusifolia leaves consumed as a substitute of meat or an appetizing agent in Chad. The pH was ranged between 5.82 ± 0.19 and 7.22 ± 0.31,the acidity between 0.31 ± 0.00 and 0.54 ± 0.00 %, the dry matter content, 90.00 ± 0.00 and 92.46 ± 0.43%, the protein content, 15.52 ± 0.09 and 22.06 ± 0.07%,the ash content, 17.12 ± 0.01 and 19.3 ± 0.00%.The Total viable counts were between 9.7 × 10 9 and 2.7 × 10 11 CFU / g; Bacillus sp., 3.7 × 10 8 and 9.1 × 10 9 CFU/g, lactic acid bacteria, 1.1 × 10 2 and 2.8 × 10 6 CFU/g; Staphylococcus sp., 1.5 × 10 3 and 3.7 × 10 7 CFU/g, Micrococcus sp.<10 CFU/g and 7.4 × 10 4 CFU / g. Yeasts and molds as well as enterobacteria were less represented or absent in most samples analyzed. Bacillus strains, the dominant microflora were isolated and grouped into 15 groups. Their biochemical and molecular characterizationshowed a high diversity involved in the fermentationof kawal among them B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, and B. amyloliquefaciens were identified.

Acute diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children from 0-5 months old, especially in Africa and many developing countries. Rotavirus and Adenovirus have been recognized as the common pathogens for this public health problem. However, little or no investigation has been carried out on the two viruses in Chad. In view of this fact, we decided to study the prevalence of Rotavirus and Adenovirus in children suffering from acute diarrhea at the University Hospital Center of Mother and Child (UHC-MC). Fresh stool samples were collected from 440 children ages 0-5 years (225 females and 2015 males). They were brought for medical consultation from March 2019- September 2019 at the pediatric department. Specimens were analyzed and Rotavirus and Adenovirus were detected using Rapid Immunochromatographic Test kit (Vikia BioMerieux, France). Out of the 440 children examined, 228 had viral infection with a prevalence of 51.81%. Based on gender infection, females 140 (62.22%) were significantly more infected than males 88(40.93%). Prevalence of mono infection of Rotavirus in children 110 (48.24%) was higher than that of Adenovirus 74(32.45%). More males had Rotavirus infection 60(68.18%) than girls 50 (37.71%). Co-infection was found to be 44 (19.29%). Distribution of viral infection indicated that children between 6-11 months had the highest viral burden 101(77.69%). Among clinical symptoms recorded, dehydration was the highest in children 84(61.76%). Due to the high prevalence of Rotavirus and Adenovirus discovered, we suggest that vaccines for the two viruses should be included in the national immunization program.

Introduction: Artemisinin-based combination therapies are the first-line antimalarial drugs used to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in many endemic countries worldwide. In Chad, since the adoption of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTs) in its first-line treatment policy for uncomplicated malaria in 2005, Artemether-Lumefantrine and Artesunate-Amodiaquine have been used in many hospitals and health centers. The main objective of this study was to provide the baseline data of Artemether-Lumefantrine and Artesunate-Amodiaquine efficacy in three regions where many people suffered from malaria disease. Material and Methods: The baseline efficacy of two combination therapies was evaluated between January and April 2020 in Mosoro, Mondou and Dourbali Provinces in Chad. A two-arm single cohort study was conducted to assess the clinical efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of 1113 children aged from 6 to 59 months with uncomplicated Falciparum malariae diagnosed by thick blood smear examination, using the World Health Organization validated protocol. Results: On day 3, all patients in both groups had cleared parasitemia, after treatment, the patients presented a higher hemoglobin level in both groups artemether-lumefantrine (10.97 ± 1.39) and artesunate-amodiaquine (11.87 ± 1.81), respectively. On day 28, all patients had adequate clinical and parasitological responses with 99.