BackgroundThe national antiretroviral therapy in the Republic of Chad provides free of charge antiretroviral regimens and therapeutic monitoring for patients receiving antiretroviral therapy nationwide. For a successful programmatic uptake, these efforts merit to be supported by thorough assessments of antiretroviral therapy response and HIV-1 drug resistance surveillance, especially with risks of cross-resistance due to the gradual stavudine phasing out in such national settings. We therefore evaluated the virological response to antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 drug resistance emergence and circulating HIV-1 clades in a Chad context. A cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted among 116 patients (41 [δ ± 6.87] years, 59% female) receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy for ≥ 6 months in Ndjamena, Chad, in 2011–2012, enrolled consecutively. To ensure accuracy, plasma viral load was concomitantly measured using Abbott Real-Time and Cobas AmpliPrep/TaqMan (v2.0), and virological failure defined as ≥ 1000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml. Plasma from patients experiencing virological failure were processed for sequencing of HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase using the ANRS-AC.11 resistance testing protocol; drug resistant mutations were interpreted using the ANRS-AC11 algorithm; and phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA.v.6.ResultsMajority of patients was receiving zidovudine plus lamivudine plus nevirapine (46%), stavudine plus lamivudine plus nevirapine (41%) and tenofovir plus emtricitabine plus efavirenz (11%), for a median time-on-treatment of 5 [IQR 4–7] years. The rate of virological failure was 43% (50/116), with 86% (43/50) sequencing performance. Overall, 32% (37/116) patients presented ≥ one major drug resistant mutation(s), with 29% (34/116) to nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (67% [29/43] M184V/I, 30% [13/43] T215Y/F, 19% [8/43] V75A/F/I/L/M, 9% [4/43] K70P/R/W, 9% [4/43] K219E/N/Q and 5% [2/43] A62V); 86% (37/43) to non-nulceos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (30% [13/43] K103N/S/E, 26% [11/43] Y181C/V/F/L, 2% [1/43] L100I, 2% [1/43] F227L, 2% [1/43] P225H); and 2% (1/43) to protease inhibitors (M46I, I54V, V82S). Six HIV-1 subtypes were found: 30% circulating recombinant form (CRF02_AG), 30% J, 16% G, 9% A, 9% D, 5% F.ConclusionsIn Chad, almost half of patients are failing first-line antiretroviral therapy after 5 years, with considerable drug resistant mutations at failure. Absence of K65R supports the use of tenofovir-containing regimens as preferred first-line and as suitable drug for second-line combinations, in this setting with significant HIV-1 genetic diversity.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-017-2893-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Intestinal helminths constitute the primary cause of illnesses in pre and school age children in the less developed countries. Their importance has been disregarded for a long time because of their insidious and chronic nature. In order to assess the prevalence rate of intestinal helminths in Chadian children, a survey of intestinal worms was carried out from March 2010 to February 2011 in two ecological zones (Sahelian and Sudanian zones) in the Republic of Chad. 1002 children (541 boys and 461 girls) aged from 6 to 17 years were enrolled in our investigation. The coprological analysis carried out in this study included macroscopic examination, direct microscopic examination and two concentration techniques (the Kato method and the formalin-ether concentration technique). The results showed highly significant differences in the prevalence of intestinal helminths between the two ecological zones, the prevalence being generally higher in the Sudanian zone than in the Sahelian one. Among all the helminths identified in the two zones, Ascaris lumbricoides was the most common, followed by Hymenolepis nana. A regular deworming and improvement of the hygienic conditions in these zones could go a long way to prevent intestinal worm infections. The findings of the present study urgently call for an improvement in environmental hygiene, the sanitary education of the populations and the creation of a national program for the fight against intestinal helminths in Chad.

Introduction: Skin health disease is still a public health problem. Concerning this situation, the study was conducted with the objective of enhancing the Chadian pharmacopoeia medicinal plants of Daniellia oliveri, Parinari curatellifolia who traditionally used in the treatment of fungal diseases particular dermatophytosis. Methods: The agar incorporation method was used to determine the antidermatophyte activity of the ethanolic extracts of the barks of Daniellia oliveri and Parinari curatellifolia. In addition, a phytochemical study was carried out to link the structure to the activity. Results: The phytochemical results revealed that the ethanolic extracts of the barks of Daniellia oliveri and Parinari curatellifolia are richer in secondary metabolites (flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, alkaloids, saponosides, glycosides, anthraquinones and free quinones). These ethanolic extracts of the barks of Daniellia oliveri and Parinari curatellifolia rich in secondary metabolites inhibited the growth of dermatophytes isolated from patients, for Trichophyton Schoenleinii, at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.75 mg/ml and Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis at the same MIC of 1.5 mg/ml. Conclusion: From this study, the bioactivity compounds highlighted that these plants could be a possible source for phytomedicinal developing against fungal infections (Dermatophytoses).

Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological profile of intestinal helminthiases in school children in the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Chad. Study Design:  Cross-sectional and descriptive. Place and Duration of Study: September 2021 to February 2022 in two of Chad's three ecological zones: the Sudanian and Sahelian zones. Methodology: A total of 1408 stool samples were collected from school children (aged from 5 to 18 years) in 19 schools; 13 of which were in the Sudanian zone and 6 in the Sahelian zone. The analysis of these samples was carried out by the Kato-Katz method, for the detection and quantification of intestinal helminths eggs. Results: Analysis of these samples revealed the presence of 9 helminths taxa, with an overall infestation rate of 35.87% in both zones. Ascaris lumbricoides (16.41%), Schistosoma mansoni (14.00%) and Hymenolepis nana (6.53%) were the most common helminths found. Pupils in the Sudanian zone were relatively more infested than those in the Sahelian zone, except for Taenia saginata and Ascaris lumbricoides which were more often found in the Sahelian zone. With the exception of Enterobius vermicularis, no other difference in infestation rates was observed between age groups. By gender, the only significant difference in infestation rates was noted for Schistosoma mansoni for which girls were more parasitized. Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of these parasitoses in Chad and that poor hygiene favors the endemicity and persistence of these helminthiases; it also points to the need for a national helminthiases control program.

Introduction: Lyell's syndrome (SL), called Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis is one of the most serious forms of medication accidents. It is an acute, rare pathology, its incidence is estimated at 1 to 2 cases out of one million inhabitants per year and its evolution can be fatal. Materials and Methods: We report the observation of a 60-year-old patient, with no significant pathological history, admitted to our intensive care unit at the Renaissance University Teaching Hospital in N'Djamena for the treatment of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. In whom the onset of symptoms dates back to few hours after vaccination against COVID-19 with Ag Johnson and Johnson. Results: An ophthalmology opinion was requested and the patient was put on Fucithalmic. In our case, in addition to the advanced age of the patient (60 years old), her SCORTEN was ≥5. Conclusion: The late management as well as the absence of a specific department for severe burns, which condition the presence of a technical plate was fatal to her despite multidisciplinary care: Resuscitators, Traumato-Orthopedist and ophthalmologist.