Background and objective:The objectives of the study research were to determine the relationship between clinical and chest X-ray findings of pediatric patients. Methods: A Prospective clinical study carried out at Raparin hospital in Erbil city, Iraq. A sample of 356 children admitted between Decembers 2004 and June 2005 from emergency ward and inwards in Raparin hospital were collected with age range from 2 months to 10 years with mean age of 19 months. All children had chest radiography on the bases of clinical decision by pediatricians. Descriptive and statistical procedures were used to analyze the data. Results: All children had signs and symptoms of respiratory infections for instance, fever (87.4%), shortness of breath (99.5 %),cough (98%), tachypnea (73.5%), wheezes (93.3% ), chest retraction (80%), crepitations (82%) and, 42.4% of chest X-rays showed focal infiltrations. Three clinical parameters related to pneumonia diagnosed by chest X-ray these were, chest retraction with sensitivity of 80%, and specificity of 88.29%), tachypnea with sensitivity of 73.5% and specificity of 56.59% fever with sensitivity of 87.42% and specificity of 60.98%. Conclusion: Tachypnea, chest retraction and fever were found to be highly suggestive of pneumonia, chest x-rays was positive in about 425 of patients with pneumonia.

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Background Phototherapy is the mainstay of treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. The efficacy of phototherapy depended on the light spectrum (wavelength), intensity of and type of the light and surface area of the infant exposed to phototherapy and distance of the light from the baby. A measure of the efficacy of phototherapy is the rate of decline in total serum bilirubin per hour and the dramatic reduction in the number of exchange transfusions being performed. Objectives To determine the efficacy of increasing surface area of phototherapy (360◦) compared with conventional single surface fluorescent phototherapy. Patients and Methods A prospective study was done for 214 neonates, who were admitted to neonatal care unit at Raprin teaching hospital in a period of 6 months from the first of January till the thirty of July 2013. Neonates were presented with significant indirect hyperbilirubinemia that needed phototherapy, less than two weeks of age were included in this study. According to the level of total serum bilirubin and availability of highly intensive phototherapy the cases were divided in to two groups. Results The mean starting TSB in group I was 15.03±2.53 mg/dl while in group II 19.65±3.34 mg/dl and the percentage of decline after 12 hour in group I was 19.17±13.08%, while in group II was 39.37±10.31% , and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). The decline rate after 12 hour ,regarding group I was 0.23 ± 0.21 mg/dl/hr, while in group II was 0.50 ± 0.33 mg/dl/hr which was statistically significant (p<0.001). There was a significant decline in the number of exchange transfusion in 2013 when the highly intensive 360 degree phototherapy started to be used. Conclusion Increasing surface area of exposure increase the rate of reducing of the serum bilirubin, and decreases rate of exchange transfusion as well.

Background and objective: Anemia is still one of the most common problems in the world even in developed countries, but its evaluation is still underestimated especially in developing countries like our, so it needs further planning, screening and management. This study was done in 12 primary health care centers PHCC in Erbil city – Kurdistan re-gion/Iraq during period fro 1st Feb - 31st Jul 2008. The main objectives were to determine the hemoglobin value in our children , to estimate the prevalence of anemia and correlating it with feeding pattern . Methods: This prospective study was conducted in 500 apparently healthy children col-lected randomly, visiting the vaccination centers routinely during 5 months period. Feeding. pattern were studied in relation to hemoglobin (Hb) level only. Results: From total 500 children conducted in this study, the mean Hb. of them was 10.4 g/dl. Those with normal Hb were 196 (39.2%), while 304 (60.4%) of them were anemic. Those with mild anemia were 145 (29.0%) and 159 (31.8%) of them had moderate anemia. The sex had no effect on Hb level. The anemia was lesser in children below one year Children on breast feeding had lower percent of anemia (51.9%),those on exclusive breast feeding only 6 (33.4%) while those on adult milk (74.9%) of them were anemic. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of anemia among the investigated children and less common in children with breast feedin.