Illicit drug use represents a worldwide health problem involving about 5% of world's adult population and contributing to crime misery and insecurity. A widely used illicit drug in Iraq in recent years is Captagon, which is second only to methamphetamine. It is also popular in Middle East especially in Syria, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. It is the brand name of chemical compound Fenethylline, and it is a derivative substantial of amphetamines. It is amphetamine coupled with theophylline via an alkyl chain. We used a rapid, low-cost colorimetric assay for sensitive and visual detection of Captagon in real human samples using a Captagon-specific aptamer as the recognition element and original gold nanoparticles as indicators. The method indicated that the presence of Captagon resulted in gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) solution's color change from purple to blue. The method was rapid and also worked well in human urine samples, blood and hair. Colorimtric detection of Captagon could be measured either visually or by measurement of the absorbance intensity ratios at 650 and 520 nm, respectively. It worked in the 2 μM to 50 μM concentration range. Selectivity of captgon detection method was also investigated with illicit and licit drugs, which revealed that an obvious change both in absorption spectra and in visual color was observed upon the addition of Captagon, whereas slight and negligible change occurred in the presence of any examined drugs with the similar concentration as Captagon. Our findings presented that hair was a good example for detection of drug history of Captagon and other illicit drugs compared with urine and blood, which is believed to represent a widely applicable aptamer-based detection system.