Hepatitis B virus infection is a salient occupational hazard for health workers. It has been estimated that about two billion people worldwide have been infected with the virus. It is the 10 th leading cause of death worldwide and results in 500,000 to 1.2 million deaths per year due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The presence of HBsAg in serum or plasma is an indication of active Hepatitis B infection, either acute or chronic. Healthcare workers, of which medical students are a part of, are at high risk of encountering accidental needle prick injuries, blood and body fluid exposure and hence acquiring blood borne infections, especially Hepatitis B which may be followed by serious long term sequelae in a significant number of cases. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence rate of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among the Port Sudan Ahlia College, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences students, during the period from January to May 2012 AD. The study included male and female individual's aged18-25 years. It was found that the incidence of hepatitis B virus among the students under study amounted to 2% using the Immuno-Chromatography Test (ICT). Seroprevalence was recorded in the females (2.0%) than males (0.0%) students. Other studies are required in the future for more confirmation with more specific and sensitive Techniques; such as: analysis by Enzyme linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (E. L. I. S. A.) Technique and Polymerase Chain Reaction (P. C. R). Participated in this study, qualitative detection of HBsAg was done using one step HBsAg rapid test strips (DiaSpot Diagnostics, USA). Results were correlated and reported as positive or negative. Among the 50 samples analyzed, 2 samples were positive for HBsAg accounting for a prevalence rate of 2.0%. This prevalence was however statistically non -significant (p0.05). The major risk factors of hepatitis B transmission among medical students include unprotected exposure body fluids, blood and blood products as well as lack of vaccination.

Abstract:This study was conducted in Port Sudan city, Red Sea state during the period from January to June 2017 to investigate antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from patients suffering from community acquired urinary tract infections. One hundred and fifty urine specimens were collected from patients attended Port Sudan Teaching Hospital. The specimens were cultured on blood agar and Mac Conkey's agar and Cystine Lysine Electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar for primary isolation of pathogens. Identification of the isolates was done by colonial morphology, Gram stain and Routine biochemical tests. Modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was adopted to determine the resistance rate of Enterobacteriaceae to Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Amikacin, Piperacillin, Tetracycline, Ceftazidime and Ticarcillin. Out one hundred and fifty urine specimens examined Enterobacteriaceae was detected in only 49(32.6%) specimens. The results revealed that the antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacteriaceae was as follows: Imipenem (6.1%), Ciprofloxacin (32.6%), Chloramphenicol (48.9%), Amikacin (61.2%), Piperacillin (79.5%), Tetracycline (83.6%), Ceftazidime (89.7%) and Ticarcillin (91.8%). Females were more affected than males (60%) and young adults were more affected than other age groups. Imipenem represented the least sensitive antimicrobial agent (6.1%), while Ticarcillin showed the highest resistance rate.

The study was carried out in red sea state during the period from November 2013 to March 2014 to investigate the Enterobacteriaceae from patients suffering from community-acquired urinary tract infections and then do sensitivity test for each of isolates. In this study out of 100 specimens 52 Enterobacteriaceae species were isolated from different clinics and hospitals in Port Sudan city. The specimens werecultured on CLED media ( cystinelactose electrolyte deficiency). identification was done by gram's stain and convential biochemical reactions. Then the anti-microbial sensitivity tests were done as the follows: (Ampicillin-Sulbactam "AS", Co. trimoxazole "BA", Ceftizoxime "CI", Chloramphenicol "CH", Cephalaxin "PR", Tetracycline "TE", Ciprofloxacin "CP", Amikacin "AK", Sparfloxacin "SC", Gatifloxacin "GF", Norflaxcin "NX) by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The study revealed that the most part of strains are sensitive to Chloramphenicol andAmikacin and resistant to Ampicillin -Sulpactam (AS). The identified Enterobacteriaceae were as follows; Escherichia coli 34 (65%), Klebsiella pneumonia 10 (19%), Klebsiella oxytoca 3(6%), Salmonella Para A 3 (6%), proteus mirabilis 1 (2%), Citrobacter 1 (2%).

The presence of ESBLs in many Gram negative strains are of serious concern, since these organisms are the most common cause of different human infections. ESBL positive phenotypically were tested for the presence of ESBL encoding genes using PCR with specific primers for the detection of CTX-M, TEM and SHV genes, then the amplicons were sequenced to characterized gene content. The presence of CTX-M, TEM and SHV genes was confirmed in 65 / 88 (73.9%) of the isolates. The ESBL genes were detected in 47 Escherichia coli, 14 Klebsiellapneumoniae, 2 Proteus mirabilis, 1 Serratiaodotifera and 1 Enterobactersakasaki. The nucleotide sequences were subjected to BLAST for sequences similarity and homology.

This study was carried out in Port Sudan teaching hospital from 8 November 2011 work to be initiated by the determination of level of aerobic bacterial contamination in the hospitals in port Sudan to 8November 2013. The aim of this study to isolate and identify different types of aerobic bacterial Hospital Acquired Infection, and determination of levels of antibiotic resistance of aerobic nosocomial isolate to commonly used antimicrobial agents. Two hundred samples collected from Urinary tract, Wound, Sputum, Ear, Throat, Blood, Personnel and different site of ward. The result showed that the isolated microorganism were as followed: Escherichia coli 33 (16.5%), S. aureus 21 (10.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 20 (10%), Klebsiella pneumonia 17 (8.5%), Strepto Pyogene 9 (4.5%), Strepto faecalis 7 (3.5%), proteus mirabilis 4 (2%), proteus vulgaris 4 (2%), Morganella Morgenii 2 (1%), Klebsiella oxytoca 2 (1%), S. epidermidis 2 (1%), Salmonella Para A 1 (0.5) Citrbacter Ferundii 1 (0.5%), Serratia Spp 1 (0.5%). Also the result showed that the majority of bacterial strains tested, exhibited marked most multiple drug resistance against some broad-spectrum antimicrobials used eg: Ceftazidime, it was evident that of the Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Cefixime and Ceftriaxone is choice drug for Hospital Acquired Infection. This study concluded the effective control, prevention and treatment of infection. Knowledge of emerging pathogens and resistance profile is essential for treatment against Hospital Acquired infections.