This review discusses the effects of various frequencies of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on brain hormones and enzyme activity. In this context, the mechanism underlying the effects of EMF exposure on tissues generally and cellular pathway specifically has been discussed. The cell membrane plays important roles in mediating enzymatic activities as to response and reacts with extracellular environment. Alterations in the calcium signaling pathways in the cell membrane are activated in response to the effects of EMF exposure. Experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that no changes occur in serum prolactin levels in humans following short-term exposure to 900 Mega Hertz (MHz) EMF emitted by mobile phones. The effects of EMF on melatonin and its metabolite, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, in humans have also been investigated in the clinical studies to show a disturbance in metabolic activity of melatonin. In addition, although 900 MHz EMF effects on NF-κB inflammation, its effects on NF-κB are not clear.Abbreviations: ELF-EMF, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields; EMF, electromagnetic fields; RF, Radiofrequency; ROS, reactive oxygen species; VGCCs, voltage-gated calcium channels; MAPK, mitogen-activated phosphokinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; ERK-1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinases; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MnSOD, manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase; GLUT1, glucose transporter 1; GSSG-Rd, glutathione reductase MDA malondialdehyde; NO, nitric oxide; LH, luteinizing hormone; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone.

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Background: Placenta is a transient organ during pregnancy, connects the fetus to the uterine wall. Pregnancy is frequently complicated by gestational diabetes, which might cause morphological changes in the placenta (weight, diameter, and cotyledons number); consequently, it may affect both fetus and mother. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the difference in placental cotyledons number between pregnant with gestational diabetes versus without gestational diabetes, then correlate it with the weight and diameter between groups. Materials and Methods: A comparative study (gestational diabetes Group A and nongestational diabetes Group B) included mothers with a singleton baby delivered at term (37–40 weeks) after acceptance of the informed consent. Women with pregestational diabetes and other chronic diseases and those with intrauterine fetal death were excluded. Postdelivery placentae were accurately prepared and examined in detail. The placental weight, diameter, and cotyledons number were recorded and analyzed by SPSS version 21. The correlation was measured between the two groups in terms of cotyledons count, placental diameter, and weight. Results: The study included 385 participants (128 Group A and 257 Group B). Placental number of cotyledons, weight, and diameter in Group A were higher than in Group B, and the difference was significant ( P = 0.000, P = 0.021, and P = 0.000, respectively). In Group A, there was a significant correlation between the placental weight, diameter, and number of its cotyledons ( r = 0.23, P = 0.011). Cotyledon count was significantly affected by diabetic control ( P = 0.021). Conclusions: Gestational diabetes increases placental cotyledons number, weight, and diameter.

Background: The volume and morphology of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) of the human brain can be affected by age. Its quantitative assessment might be aiding the clinicians. Objective: To estimate the STG volume in MRI using DICOM viewer in adults deprived of structural brain abnormality, to correlate the volume with age, and to determine its variations between/and within the sexes. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was performed in Al-Amal Hospital, Sudan (April 2021 and March 2022). STG volume was delineated along the entire STG borders. Using SPSS version 25.0 data were processed. Results: It included a MRI brain of 50 adult patients (equal genders); their mean age was 33.12± 8.29 years (range, 20 to 49 years). STG volume was adversely interrelated with age (r =−0.318 and P=0.024), significantly differed bilaterally within sexes (P =0.000), and was greater on the left in both genders. A significant gender difference was observed regarding STG volume, p = 0.000. Conclusion: DICOM can be used to assess the STG morphometrically to detect any pathological variations, based on volume changes.

Introduction: Ilioinguinal nerve (IIN) is repeatedly damaged during surgeries as well as through the application of local anaesthesia to the lower abdominal wall. This study aimed to identify the variations of the IIN during its course in the anterior abdominal wall. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study on formalin-preserved cadavers was carried out after approval by the ethical committee, Alzaeim Alazhari University (January 2018–May 2020). Cadavers satisfied the inclusion criteria were dissected bilaterally to expose and map the IINs from their lateral emergence on the anterior abdominal wall to their termination in the midline in reference to the internal and external inguinal rings as well as the fixed bony landmarks. The collected data were compared on both sides using SPSS version 21.0. Results: Fifty-four IINs were identified (77 cadavers). Double nerve was observed in 8.44%. IINs derived from L1, L1-3 and L3 in 98.1%, 1.3% and 0.6%, respectively. On the right side, in 3 corpses, the nerves aberrantly ascend from L3 or L1-3, whereas this deviant was not seen on the left side. The mean distance from the umbilicus was 9.2 cm ± 1.1 cm (equal on both sides). The mean distance from the deep ring was 1.5 cm ± 0.4 cm, it was closed on the right compared to the left (P = 0.87). It emerges 0.9 cm–6 cm from the anterior superior iliac spine, this was closed on the right than the left (P = 0.9). It was not attached to the external oblique muscle on the right side, whereas it did in 3.2% on the left (P = 0.03). The mean distance from the superficial ring was 1.9 cm ± 0.8 cm, almost the same on both sides. The mean distance from the inguinal ligament was 2.4 cm ± 0.5 cm, it was closed on the right than on the left (P = 0.98). Its mean thickness was 1.97 mm ± 0.44 mm and 1.88 mm ± 0.43 mm on the right and left sides, respectively. Conclusion: IIN demarcates variants not generally quoted in anatomical manuals.