Background and objective: Treatment of an animal with dexamethasone will result in sinuses extension, fat accumulation in the liver, and enlargement of hepatocytes. Whereas, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac sodium) administration may lead to degeneration and formation of wide areas in the form of sinusoidal. Hydropic degeneration possibly is seen in the tubular epithelial cells of the kidney tissue. This study aimed to assess the toxic and side effects of dexamethasone and diclofenac sodium on the liver and kidney in rats, whether used separately or together. Methods: A total of 40 male albino rats were divided into four groups of ten in each, including the control group. One set was treated with dexamethasone (1.6 mg/kg/day), the other was treated with diclofenac sodium (30 mg /kg/day), and the last was treated with both drugs together at the same dose without mixture. Both drugs were administered intramuscularly for 30 days. Sections from the liver and kidney were stained by Hematoxeline and Eosin, then examined under a microscope. Results: Histopathological variation in the liver and kidney tissue of the treated animals have revealed that each drug (dexamethasone, diclofenac sodium) showed a significant alteration. Strong changes (+ + +) were observed in kidney tissue include degeneration, inflammatory aggregation, fibrosis, and edema, whereas in liver showed central vein dilatation, necrosis, and kupffer cells hyperplasia. Treating with the two drugs together, less alteration (+) in the tissues was noticed. Conclusion: The effect of both used drugs (dexamethasone and diclofenac sodium) was observed on the liver and kidney tissues of the experimental animals (rats) regardless of being applied separately or the two together. A probable inhibition role of the two drugs on each other have been noticed that lead to call for more detail investigation on this matter in years to come.

Background and objective: Extracts of Fumaria species have been traditionally used for the treatment of some skin diseases, rheumatism, stomach ache, fever, and male infertility mainly because of the presence of isoquinoline alkaloids. On the other side, fluoxetine is used as an antidepressant induce sexual dysfunction and a decrease in sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. The present investigation dealt with the study of the protective role played by the Fumaria officinalis extract against the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) induced testicular toxicity in the rat. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine the benefits of Fumaria officinalis extract in animals treated with fluoxetine. Methods: Thirty six male rats were divided into three following groups, control group, fluoxetine (20 mg/kg/day) treated-group, and the same dose of Fluoxetine plus Fumaria officinalis extract (150 mg/kg/day) as a third group. Drugs and extract were administered orally for 30 days. Sections of testes were stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin.Results: Fluoxetine has caused several structural changes in the rat testis such as vacuolation within germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules, decrease the diameter of these tubules and decrease number of sertoli and germinal cells. Treating the fluoxetine exposed rats with Fumaria officinalis extract has shown to ameliorate the above histological changes. Conclusion: Fumaria officinalis extract can protect testis from histological alterations caused by the toxicity of the fluoxetine.

IntroductionThe anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are a family of hormones that includes the natural male hormone testosterone, together with its many synthetic relatives, all of which exhibit both anabolic ("muscle building") and androgenic ("masculinizing") properties.1,2 Reports indicate that Anabolic androgenic steroids abuse impacts upon several hormone systems like the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), hypothalamic pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axes. 3 The administration of high doses of exogenous androgens in men has been reported to result in decreased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) through negative impact on the hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis with reduced endogenous testosterone production leading to decreased spermatogenesis, reduced semen density, testicular atrophy and abnormal sperm morphology attributing to infertility. 4 Some authors have reported that AAS decreased density, motility and normal morphology of sperm, 5 even low doses of AASs decrease sperm Background and objective: Anabolic androgenic steroids are synthetic compounds based on the structure of testosterone, and are used to treat various conditions such as reproductive system dysfunction. High doses of anabolic androgenic steroids and exercise influence the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, which can, in turn, affect testicular apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the influence of anabolic androgenic steroids on semen parameters in bodybuilders (heavy exercise) in Erbil city. Methods: Semen specimens and serum were collected from 150 which divided into three groups; each consists of 50 men. The control group (A) didn't practice exercise so didn't receive nandrolone. The exercise group (B) who practice daily without taking nandrolone. The exercise and treated group (C) who practice exercise and had been using nandrolone (200 mg-wk -1 , intramuscularly) for at least three months. Smear prepared by methyline blue stain and assessment of semen volume, sperm morphology, sperm concentration ,motility were carried out .Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone were also carried out. Results: There was no difference in the semen volume within three groups. Sperm concentration and the percentage of sperm motility in the group C was significantly lower (P <0.001) than that in the other groups. A significantly increased percentage of sperm with the tapered head was found in the group C. Our results also demonstrated a significant decrease in testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the group C compared to group A and B. Conclusion: Users of anabolic-androgenic steroids have sperm with abnormal shape, especially tapered head, and low concentration of sperm with sluggish motility attributing to infertility.

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