Background and objective: Treatment of an animal with dexamethasone will result in sinuses extension, fat accumulation in the liver, and enlargement of hepatocytes. Whereas, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac sodium) administration may lead to degeneration and formation of wide areas in the form of sinusoidal. Hydropic degeneration possibly is seen in the tubular epithelial cells of the kidney tissue. This study aimed to assess the toxic and side effects of dexamethasone and diclofenac sodium on the liver and kidney in rats, whether used separately or together. Methods: A total of 40 male albino rats were divided into four groups of ten in each, including the control group. One set was treated with dexamethasone (1.6 mg/kg/day), the other was treated with diclofenac sodium (30 mg /kg/day), and the last was treated with both drugs together at the same dose without mixture. Both drugs were administered intramuscularly for 30 days. Sections from the liver and kidney were stained by Hematoxeline and Eosin, then examined under a microscope. Results: Histopathological variation in the liver and kidney tissue of the treated animals have revealed that each drug (dexamethasone, diclofenac sodium) showed a significant alteration. Strong changes (+ + +) were observed in kidney tissue include degeneration, inflammatory aggregation, fibrosis, and edema, whereas in liver showed central vein dilatation, necrosis, and kupffer cells hyperplasia. Treating with the two drugs together, less alteration (+) in the tissues was noticed. Conclusion: The effect of both used drugs (dexamethasone and diclofenac sodium) was observed on the liver and kidney tissues of the experimental animals (rats) regardless of being applied separately or the two together. A probable inhibition role of the two drugs on each other have been noticed that lead to call for more detail investigation on this matter in years to come.

Background and objective Methanolic extract from Onopordum acanthium L. leaves (MEOAL) has been discovered to treat diabetic complications. The objective of this study is to evaluate the ameliorative role of MEOAL on pancreatic islet injury and myocardial inflammation in diabetic rats. Methods Forty male Wister albino rats were allocated into five groups of eight rats each. Group A was the negative control group. Single intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (50mg/kg) were used for the four experimental groups. Group B served as the positive control group. The rats in Groups C, D, and E received glibenclamide (5mg/kg), MEOAL (200, and 400 mg/kg) respectively, for eight weeks. Group C served as the standard drug group. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assays for antioxidant activity were conducted in MEOAL. In silico study, calculation of molecular binding energy (DG), and inhibition constant (pKi) of bioactive constituents in MEOAL were performed. Results Administration of MEOAL significantly increases insulin content in β-cells with a marked enhancement of pancreatic islet structure, resulting in a significant reduction of blood glucose level and body weight loss. MEOAL treatment suppressed the increase of inflammatory cell score in myocardial tissue with an elevation of M2 –like macrophage. The phytochemical studies recorded the presence of six polyphenols, including catechin, kaempferol, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, epicatechin and gallic acid in MEOAL. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the extract was greater than that of standard ascorbic acid. The docking studies of the ligands Catechin, kaempferol and epicatechin with proteins showed high affinities with various targets related in β-Cells and cardiac inflammation. Conclusions The attenuation of pancreatic β-Cells damage and cardiac inflammation by MEOAL could be attributed to the presence of Catechin, kaempferol and epicatechin which have high affinities with the receptors namely pancreatic alpha-amylase, glucokinase, COX-2, and COX-1.

The current study deals with the effect of N-Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced traumatic brain injury on male albino rats, as well as the outcome results of treatment with paclitaxel nanoparticles for a period of 8 weeks with two-week intervals is the concern of the present study. Mean body weight, as well as brain weight, was considered as the main parameters whereas a detailed immunohistochemical study on rat brain sections was performed. Astrocytic biomarkers for the diagnosis of astrocytes by fibrillary glial acidic protein (GFAP). Neuronal GFAP staining used for various broke sections were forwarded. Comparison and Contrast of all these parameters in all steps of the experiment had been discussed. The efficiency of the treatment was found to be evident. The effect on body weight was significant whereas brain weight results showed insignificant differences. A longer duration of treatment may well reflect more significant results.

Asplenium ceterach L. (Rustyback fern) is a plant species traditionally used in Mediterranean countries and a traditional remedy for several diseases such as kidney stone and spleen complaints. In the current study a phytochemical analysis of the sporophytes focused on the constituents of Asplenium ceterach L. (Rustyback fern). Mature sporophyte of the fern was collected from Malakan in Erbil district during May -July 2016. As the phytochemicals qualitatively was screened had showed three flavonoid compounds: keampferol, keampferol-3-Oglycoside and leutolin. Kaempferol was the dominant compound 130 µg/ml, while the total flavonoids concentration was only 265 µg/ml.in addition the screening shows that alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponin were presented.

This study deals with the role of lower plants particularly (Ferns, Mosses & Algae) in the aquatic ecosystem within the fertile crescent in Mesopotamia. It focuses especially on the Kurdistan of Iraq, which might be one of the most productive and fertile areas in the whole Middle East. Furthermore, it is an endeavor to show the environmental impact and assess the effect of climatic and non-climatic parameters on non-flowering plants in the region. Knowledge about the presence and distribution of a such group of plants in this part of the world is so poor, particularly with respect to ferns, makes one to draw attention the necessity of such a study. This investigation is an attempt to reduce the existing gap of knowledge on lower plants in the region; furthermore, it will undoubtedly gravitate attention to the need for much more scientific information in this area, in years to come.