This paper deals with the trajectory tracking problem for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). For this purpose, two control strategies are proposed. First, a flight controller with a hierarchical structure is designed, whereby the complete closed-loop system is divided into two blocks. The system has an inner block for attitude control and an outer block for position stabilization, for a total of six proportional-derivative/proportional-integral-derivative (PD/PID) controllers. The second new trajectory tracking strategy is based on attitude stabilization. In addition to a direct stabilization of yaw and altitude, the x and y positions are stabilized by choosing an appropriate control of roll and pitch angles. The relations between positions (x, y) and rotations (roll, pitch) are derived from the natural flight of the quadcopter. In this second approach, with only four controllers, the quadrotor UAV is able to follow any trajectory. In both approaches, the PD/PID controllers are synthesized using the genetic algorithm method, and compared with those obtained by the reference model method. Furthermore, a comparison between PD and PID controller performance is performed. Thereafter, the robustness of the proposed controllers is tested for trajectory tracking in a disturbed environment. Simulation results demonstrate that for the two approaches, PD controllers show a better behavior with respect to quadcopter stabilization than in trajectory tracking under different conditions.

This paper explores the full control of a quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) byexploiting the nature-inspired algorithms of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Cuckoo Search(CS), and the cooperative Particle Swarm Optimization-Cuckoo Search (PSO-CS). The proposedPSO-CS algorithm combines the ability of social thinking in PSO with the local search capability inCS, which helps to overcome the problem of low convergence speed of CS. First, the quadrotordynamic modeling is defined using Newton-Euler formalism. Second, PID (Proportional, Integral,and Derivative) controllers are optimized by using the intelligent proposed approaches and theclassical method of Reference Model (RM) for quadrotor full control. Finally, simulation resultsprove that PSO and PSO-CS are more efficient in tuning of optimal parameters for the quadrotorcontrol. Indeed, the ability of PSO and PSO-CS to track the imposed trajectories is well seen from3D path tracking simulations and even in presence of wind disturbances.

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Summary Photovoltaic (PV) energy represents one of the most important renewable energies, but its disadvantage resides in its maximum power point, which varies according to meteorological changes that make the efficiency low. Intelligent techniques, using the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method, can achieve an efficient real‐time tracking of this point in order to ensure optimal functioning of the system. The output power of the PV system is removed from solar irradiation and cell temperature of the PV panel type SOLON 55W. Therefore, it is essential to harvest the generated power of the PV system and optimally exploit the collected solar energy. For this objective, this work treats on a new artificial neural network‐particle swarm optimization approach (ANN‐PSO). The ANN is used to predict the solar irradiation level and cell temperature followed by PSO to optimize the power generation and optimally track the solar power of the PV panel type SOLON 55W based on various operation conditions under changes in environmental conditions. The simulation results of the proposed approach give a minimum error with a relevant efficiency, that is, the power provided by ANN‐PSO approach is optimal and closer to the PV power. Consequently, this novel approach ANN‐PSO shows its major capability to extract the optimal power with excellent efficiency up of 97%. For this objective, this work treats a new hybrid ANN‐PSO approach.

The purpose of this research is to design adaptive control methods for addressing the stabilization and trajectory tracking problems in a quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). To accomplish these tasks, a comparative study of the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) and PD controllers is performed. Intelligent algorithms (IAs) have been used to tune the conventional structure of PID/PD controllers. The proposed hybrid intelligent controllers consist of the neural network PID/PD (NNPID/PD) and the Optimized Fuzzy PID/PD based on the Particle Swarm Optimization (FPID/PD-PSO). Adaptive neural networks are deployed to schedule PID/PD gains, the improved back-propagation algorithm is used to update the weights of the neural network. Then, an effective control approach based on adaptive PID Fuzzy logic and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm has been applied. PSO algorithm is introduced to adjust the scaling factors for improving the convergence speed and production rate. Finally, in order to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed control methods, disturbances in the quadcopter system are added. The results so obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.