Résumé
La qualité des eaux de surface est sujette à de nombreuses fluctuations et par conséquence les gestionnaires sont souvent confrontés à des pics de pollution problématiques. À cet effet, nous présentons dans cette étude les résultats d’une exploration des séries d’analyses de la qualité des eaux de surface dans le bassin de la Tafna (Algérie). Nous avons retenu trois descripteurs de la qualité des eaux; la matière en suspension (MES), la conductivité et la demande chimique en oxygène (DCO). On dispose pour cette étude de séries de prélèvements instantanés d’une fréquence au moins mensuelle, couvrant une période de sept ans (avril 1995-mars 2002). Les stations de prélèvements choisies se situent sur les principaux cours d’eau du bassin de la Tafna (Mouillah, Isser et Tafna) de manière à couvrir l’ensemble du bassin versant.
Afin d’aboutir à des conclusions exploitables, nous avons commencé, dans une première étape, par une vérification de la cohérence des résultats d’analyse, suivie d’une analyse conjointe de tous les paramètres pour explorer la structure globale des données et appréhender les principaux facteurs qui contrôlent l’évolution de la qualité physico-chimique des eaux.
Nous proposons dans cette étude deux modèles mathématiques prévisionnels : le premier est un modèle de simulation du comportement de la qualité des eaux basé sur les relations concentration-débit. Le second est une approche prédictive qui permet de mettre en évidence les saisonnalités et les tendances d’évolution des paramètres étudiés.
The present paper aims at determining the status and trends in water quality at Western Algeria reservoirs. The method consists of the computation of Water Quality Index (WQI) on the basis of the physical-chemical quality parameters that were registered at the monitoring stations placed at the reservoirs. This WQI was applied to water quality data collected from 2001 to 2010. Results revealed that the overall surface water quality mainly fell into the marginal class in all reservoirs, expectHammam Boughrara reservoir where water quality fell into the poor category. This implies that the water quality of this reservoir is almost always threatened or impaired; conditions usually depart from natural or desirable levels. The low value of the index was registered in 2005 at the following monitoring stations: Hammam Boughrara -26.5%, Sikkak -33.5%, and Cheurfa -41.2%. This low level of WQI can be attributed to a number of variables and tests that exceed or are less than the objectives.This study showed that the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment's WQI (CCME WQI) may assist water managers to integrate and interpret the picture of overall water quality in the study area.
Our work aims to contribute to the literature on the prospective study of the water balance in the Oran region, a major southern Mediterranean metropolis, by considering the socioeconomic dimension of this region and the dynamic of its climate change through 2011–2030. These two dimensions are important for the analysis of future changes in water stress in the region because they affect both the demand and the supply of the water resources. Unlike other studies, our methodological approach is based on an explicit modeling of the socioeconomic evolution in the region as well as of the dynamic of climate change. For this, we used a time-series modeling framework to predict the effects of change in climate. In addition to the assessment of the effects of the socioeconomic and climate changes on the water balance of the region. Our results, based on simulations using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) software, show that the current decoupling between the drinking sector from that of irrigation in the Oran region is not sustainable. Climate change will exacerbate this vulnerability. Only by integrating these two sectors, through a reuse of wastewater, can we consider the irrigation issue from a perspective of long-term sustainability in the region.
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