Animal sourced foods, such as dairy products, are common sources of Salmonella enterica, a foodborne pathogen of increasing global concern, particularly in developing countries. In Ethiopia, most data on the prevalence of Salmonella in dairy products is highly varied and limited to a specific region or district. Furthermore, there is no data available on the risk factors for Salmonella contamination of cow milk and cottage cheese in Ethiopia. This study was therefore conducted to determine the presence of Salmonella throughout the Ethiopian dairy value chain and to identify risk factors for contamination with Salmonella. The study was carried out in three regions of Ethiopia, including Oromia, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples, and Amhara during a dry season. A total 912 samples were collected from milk producers, collectors, processors, and retailers. Samples were tested for Salmonella using the ISO 6579-1: 2008 method, followed by PCR confirmation. Concurrent with sample collection, a survey was administered to study participants to identify risk factors associated with Salmonella contamination. Salmonella contamination was highest in raw milk samples at the production (19.7%) and at milk collection (21.3%) levels. No significant difference in the prevalence of Salmonella contamination among regions was detected (p > 0.05). Regional differences were apparent for cottage cheese, with the highest prevalence being in Oromia (6.3%). Identified risk factors included the temperature of water used for cow udder washing, the practice of mixing milk lots, the type of milk container, use of refrigeration, and milk filtration. These identified factors can be leveraged to develop targeted intervention strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in milk and cottage cheese in Ethiopia.

Animal sourced foods, such as dairy products, are common sources of Salmonella enterica, a foodborne pathogen of increasing global concern, particularly in developing countries. In Ethiopia, most data on the prevalence of Salmonella in dairy products is highly varied and limited to a specific region or district. Furthermore, there is no data available on the risk factors for Salmonella contamination of cow milk and cottage cheese in Ethiopia. This study was therefore conducted to determine the presence of Salmonella throughout the Ethiopian dairy value chain and to identify risk factors for contamination with Salmonella. The study was carried out in three regions of Ethiopia, including Oromia, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples, and Amhara during a dry season. A total 912 samples were collected from milk producers, collectors, processors, and retailers. Samples were tested for Salmonella using the ISO 6579-1: 2008 method, followed by PCR confirmation. Concurrent with sample collection, a survey was administered to study participants to identify risk factors associated with Salmonella contamination. Salmonella contamination was highest in raw milk samples at the production (19.7%) and at milk collection (21.3%) levels. No significant difference in the prevalence of Salmonella contamination among regions was detected (p > 0.05). Regional differences were apparent for cottage cheese, with the highest prevalence being in Oromia (6.3%). Identified risk factors included the temperature of water used for cow udder washing, the practice of mixing milk lots, the type of milk container, use of refrigeration, and milk filtration. These identified factors can be leveraged to develop targeted intervention strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in milk and cottage cheese in Ethiopia.

Introduction: Maternal satisfaction on delivery services is an important indicator for assessment of the quality of care. Quality of delivery care is the degree to which maternal health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of timely and appropriate treatment for the purpose of achieving desired outcomes. The use of services and outcomes are the result not only of the provision of care but also of women’s experience of that care. Therefore, investigating women’s experience or satisfaction on delivery care is of paramount importance to enhance the services utilization. Methods: An institution based cross-sectional study design was used. Data were collected using structured and pretested questionnaire from 403 mothers who were recruited by simple random sampling technique. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with maternal satisfaction on delivery services on the basis of adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and a p – value less than 0.05. Results: The current study found that 78.2%, 65.5%, 64.3%, 49.9% and 44.7% of the mothers who gave birth at the University of Gondar teaching and referral hospital were satisfied on physicians’ communication, health care services, physicians’ attitude, privacy and sanitation condition of the health institution respectively. The overall satisfaction of mothers on delivery services was found to be 65.5%. Maternal satisfaction was statistically associated with diploma and above education [AOR = 0.29, 95% CI = (0.13, 0.66)]; secondary and/or primary education [AOR = 0.42, 95% CI = (0.20, 0.90)]; Antenatal care (ANC) follow-up in the current pregnancy [AOR = 4.47, 95% CI = (1.77, 11.27)] and short waiting time [AOR =1.85, 95% CI = (1.19, 2.88)].Conclusion: This study revealed that the overall satisfaction of mothers on delivery service was found to be suboptimal. Physicians’ communication, health care services and physicians’ attitude were areas where the highest proportion of mothers satisfied. On the other hand, the highest proportion of mothers was dissatisfied on sanitation condition. Educational status, ANC follow-up and waiting time were found to be statistically associated with maternal satisfaction on delivery services.

Introduction Maternal satisfaction on delivery services is an important indicator for assessment of the quality of care. Quality of delivery care increases the likelihood of timely and appropriate treatment and good outcomes. The use of delivery services and outcomes are the result not only of the provision of care but also of women’s experience of that care. Therefore, investigating women’s experience or satisfaction on delivery care is of paramount importance to enhance the services utilization. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study design was used. Data were collected using structured and pretested questionnaire from 403 mothers who were recruited by simple random sampling technique. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with maternal satisfaction on delivery services on the basis of adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and a p-value less than 0.05. Results The current study found that the overall satisfaction of mothers on delivery services was found to be 65.5%. Specifically, 78.2%, 65.5%, 64.3%, 49.9% and 44.7% of the mothers who gave birth at the University of Gondar teaching and referral hospital were satisfied on physicians’ communication, healthcare services, physicians’ attitude, privacy and sanitation condition of the health institution respectively. Maternal satisfaction was statistically associated with maternal education (diploma and above education) [AOR = 0.29, 95% CI = (0.13, 0.66)], maternal education (secondary and/or primary education) [AOR = 0.42, 95% CI = (0.20, 0.90)], antenatal care (ANC) follow-up in the current pregnancy [AOR = 4.47, 95% CI = (1.77, 11.27)] and short waiting time [AOR =1.85, 95% CI = (1.19, 2.88)]. Conclusion This study revealed that the overall satisfaction of mothers on delivery service was found to be suboptimal. Physicians’ communication, healthcare services and physicians’ attitude were areas where the highest proportion of mothers satisfied. On the other hand, the highest proportion of mothers was dissatisfied on sanitation condition. Educational status, ANC follow-up and waiting time were found to be statistically associated with maternal satisfaction on delivery services.