Nanoformulations are novel therapeutic strategies as compared to traditional treatments. The development of biomimetic nanoparticles by combining the natural cellular material with synthetic nanoparticles has inspired innovative vaccine strategies for modifying the antibacterial immunity. A lot of work has been done in which synthetic nanoparticles are coated with biomimetic cellular membranes for enhancement of biological functions and treatments. Outer membrane protein of bacteria not only act as adjuvant but also contain a large number of immunogenic antigens that play an important role in motivating the native immunity and stimulating the immune responses of the body. Outer membrane protein coating onto the surfaces of synthetic nanoparticles has synergistic effects to produce antibacterial responses. This article reviews the recent improvements related to the bacterial membrane-coated nanoparticles for antibacterial immunization.

Objective: Extensive drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli, harboring New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (blaNDM-1) having the ability to hydrolyze β-lactams, have become a vital global clinical threat. The present study was, therefore, designed to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of NDM-1 producers in Quetta, Pakistan. Methods: This study was carried out in Microbiology Laboratory, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta, Biotechnology laboratory, BUITEMS Quetta and Hi-tech laboratory, CASVAB, University of Balochistan, Quetta, from March to June 2018, during the hot season. Biochemical and molecular approaches were applied for the identification of bacterial isolates. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined using E-test method. Carbapenemase activity was ascertained by Modified Hodge Test (MHT) and the presence of blaNDM-1 gene was recognized by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: We isolated five blaNDM-1 harboring isolates of three different species namely Morganella morganii (n=2) Enterobacter cloacae (n=2) and Citrobacter freundii (n=1), from 300 pus samples. These isolates were found extensive drug resistant (XDR). Strikingly, two isolates of M. morganii were displaying resistance against 23 antibiotics of sulphonamides, aminoglycosides, polypeptide, monobactams, tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, cephalosporins, phosphonic acid and β-lactams groups, suggesting Pan Drug Resistance (PDR). Conclusion: This is the first report on emergence of PDR strain of M. morganii producing NDM1 in the province of Balochistan, Pakistan. The presence of blaNDM-1 in different bacterial species and their extensive rather pan drug resistance pattern poses a momentous clinical threat. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.4.372 How to cite this:Din M, Babar KM, Ahmed S, Aleem A, Shah D, Ghilzai D, et al. Prevalence of extensive drug resistance in bacterial isolates harboring blaNDM-1 in Quetta Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(4):1155-1160. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.4.372 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. is widely distributed throughout the world and is traditionally used to treat inflammatory, respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal diseases. This study was designed to phytochemically characterize and investigate the anti-ulcer activity of methanol extract of S. media (SME) in piroxicam (PRX)-induced gastric ulcer in rats. The plant extract was subjected to qualitative as well as quantitative analysis (HPLC and FT-IR) to elucidate the phytochemical composition. In vitro, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay was done to determine the antioxidant capacity. In 14 days of animal study, PRX (30 mg/kg, i.g.) was co-administered with omeprazole (OMP; 20 mg/kg, i.g.) as a standard gastroprotective drug and SME at 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg, i.g., respectively. The gastric pH, acid volume, acidity, ulcer score, hematological parameters, and serum levels of oxidants/antioxidants were determined along with histopathological studies of gastric tissue. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of considerable phenolic and flavonoid contents which was corroborated with a significant DPPH radical scavenging (IC50: 27.94 µg/mL) activity of extract. Administration of SME at 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg exhibited a dose-dependent gastroprotective effect evidenced by an increase in gastric pH and acidity but a decrease in gastric acid volume, gastric ulcer score, and ulcer index. Treatment with SME normalized the altered hematological parameters and reduced the oxidative stress by decreasing serum levels of TOS and MDA, and increasing the TAC and CAT levels. In addition, histopathological findings supported the aforementioned results. This study concludes that Stellaria media has promising gastroprotective activity against PRX-induced gastric ulcer.

Stellaria media Vill. is widely distributed throughout the world and traditionally used to treat inflammatory, respiratory, heart and gastrointestinal diseases. This study was designed to phytochemically characterize and investigate the anti-ulcer activity of methanol extract of S. media (SME) on piroxicam (PRX)-induced gastric ulcer in rats. The plant extract was subjected to qualitative as well as quantitative analysis (HPLC and FT-IR) to elucidate the phytochemical composition of the extract. DPPH radical scavenging assay was done to determine in vitro antioxidant capacity. In 14 days of animal study, PRX (30 mg/kg, i.g.) was co-administered with omeprazole (OMP; 20 mg/kg, i.g.) as standard gastroprotective drug and SME at 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg, i.g., respectively. The gastric pH, acid volume, acidity, ulcer score, hematological parameters and serum levels of oxidants/antioxidants were determined along with histopathological studies of gastric tissue. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of considerable phenolic and flavonoid contents which corroborated with a significant DPPH radical scavenging (IC50: 27.94 µg/mL) activity of extract. Administration of SME at 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg exhibited a dose-dependent gastroprotective effect evidenced by increased gastric pH and acidity but decreased gastric acid volume, decreased gastric ulcer score and ulcer index, reversed altered hematological parameters and oxidative stress markers (TOS, MDA, TAC and CAT). In addition, histopathological findings supported the aforementioned results. Conclusively this study suggests that Stellaria media possess promising gastroprotective activity against piroxicam-induced gastric ulcer.