Nanoformulations are novel therapeutic strategies as compared to traditional treatments. The development of biomimetic nanoparticles by combining the natural cellular material with synthetic nanoparticles has inspired innovative vaccine strategies for modifying the antibacterial immunity. A lot of work has been done in which synthetic nanoparticles are coated with biomimetic cellular membranes for enhancement of biological functions and treatments. Outer membrane protein of bacteria not only act as adjuvant but also contain a large number of immunogenic antigens that play an important role in motivating the native immunity and stimulating the immune responses of the body. Outer membrane protein coating onto the surfaces of synthetic nanoparticles has synergistic effects to produce antibacterial responses. This article reviews the recent improvements related to the bacterial membrane-coated nanoparticles for antibacterial immunization.

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Stellaria media Vill. is widely distributed throughout the world and traditionally used to treat inflammatory, respiratory, heart and gastrointestinal diseases. This study was designed to phytochemically characterize and investigate the anti-ulcer activity of methanol extract of S. media (SME) on piroxicam (PRX)-induced gastric ulcer in rats. The plant extract was subjected to qualitative as well as quantitative analysis (HPLC and FT-IR) to elucidate the phytochemical composition of the extract. DPPH radical scavenging assay was done to determine in vitro antioxidant capacity. In 14 days of animal study, PRX (30 mg/kg, i.g.) was co-administered with omeprazole (OMP; 20 mg/kg, i.g.) as standard gastroprotective drug and SME at 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg, i.g., respectively. The gastric pH, acid volume, acidity, ulcer score, hematological parameters and serum levels of oxidants/antioxidants were determined along with histopathological studies of gastric tissue. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of considerable phenolic and flavonoid contents which corroborated with a significant DPPH radical scavenging (IC50: 27.94 µg/mL) activity of extract. Administration of SME at 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg exhibited a dose-dependent gastroprotective effect evidenced by increased gastric pH and acidity but decreased gastric acid volume, decreased gastric ulcer score and ulcer index, reversed altered hematological parameters and oxidative stress markers (TOS, MDA, TAC and CAT). In addition, histopathological findings supported the aforementioned results. Conclusively this study suggests that Stellaria media possess promising gastroprotective activity against piroxicam-induced gastric ulcer.