AbstrakBuah dan daun patikala (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm), adalah tanaman obat tradisional yang digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui total senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid ekstrak buah dan daun E. elatior. Ekstraksi buah dan daun sampel dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan metanol. Analisis kualitatif senyawa kimia dengan eluen tertentu menggunakan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) untuk menentukan kelompok senyawa aktif dalam ekstrak. Jumlah senyawa fenolik dalam sampel ditentukan dengan metode kolorimetri pada panjang gelombang maksimum 744,8 nm dan flavonoid pada panjang gelombang maksimum 431 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen ekstrak metanol untuk buah sebesar 1,93% dan daun sebesar 5,17% dengan kadar fenolik total untuk buah sebesar 2.29 mgGAE/g ekstrak dan daun sebesar 6,29 mgGAE/g ekstrak. Dan kadar flavonoid total untuk buah sebesar 1,7761 mgQE/g ekstrak dan daun sebesar 5,4523 mgQE/g ekstrak. AbstractFruit and leaves of patikala (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm), is a traditional medicinal plants used by people to treat various diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid compounds of E. elatior fruits and leaves extracts. We extracted dried fruits and leaves samples by maceration method using methanol. Qualitative analysis of chemical compounds with certain eluent was done using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to determine the group of active compounds in the extract. The amount of phenolic compounds in the sample was determined by the colorimetric method at a maximum wavelength of 744.8 nm and flavonoid at 431 nm. The results showed that the methanol extract rendemen was 1.93% for fruit and 5.17% for leaf with a total phenolic content of the fruit was 2.29 mgGAE/g b/b extract and leaf was 6.29 mgGAE/g b/b extract. And total flavonoid content of the fruit was 1.7761 % mg Quercetin/g b/b extract and leaf was 5.45 mgQE/g b/b extract.

This paper aims to describe the sociocultural context of areca nut use through exploring people's norms and values and the meaning underlying a wide range of different practices. A historical review is followed by an examination of more recent evidence, including quantitative and qualitative research conducted in the United Kingdom. It is concluded that some reports involving the various uses of areca nut and the conclusions drawn are confusing and that future studies need to be more explicit. While a sound scientific background is required, important sociocultural and religious issues around areca nut use must also be understood if health promotion initiatives are to be considered.

Abstract:Mangroves are recognized as a provider of a variety of products and essential ecosystem services that contribute significantly to the livelihood of local communities. However, over the past decades, mangroves in many tropical areas including the Takalar district, South Sulawesi have degraded and decreased mainly due to conversion to aquaculture. Currently, little is known about the economic benefits of commercialization of aquaculture as compared to those derived from mangroves in the form of products and services. Here, we estimate the Total Economic Value (TEV) of mangrove benefits in order to compare it with the benefit value of commercial aquaculture. Market prices, replacement costs, benefit transfer value and Cost-Benefit Analyses (CBA) have been used for value determination and comparison. The results show that the per year TEV of mangroves in the study area (Takalar district, South Sulawesi) was in the range of 4370 thousands USD (kUSD) to 10,597 kUSD or 4 kUSD to 8 kUSD per hectare (the highest value contribution derived from the indirect use value (94%)), whereas commercial aquaculture had a net benefit value of 228 kUSD or 3 kUSD per hectare. In addition, the comparison of Net Present Value (NPV) between the benefit value of mangroves and that of commercial aquaculture revealed that conversion of mangroves into commercial aquaculture was not economically OPEN ACCESSForests 2015, 6 3029 beneficial when the analysis was expanded to cover the costs of environmental and forest rehabilitation.

Mangrove forests are one of the most important coastal ecosystems as they support many local communities. However, over the last two decades harvesting of mangrove forests has been extensive with effects on mangrove biodiversity and ecosystem services. We investigate the effect of mangrove harvesting on tree biodiversity in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using two line transects each in ten mangrove forests, mangrove composition, species dominance, density, frequency, coverage, and stem diameter and diversity were recorded. Interviews detailing provisioning ecosystem services were also conducted with local forestry and fishery workers to determine the level of exploitation. Ten mangrove species were recorded (Avicennia alba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia alba) belonging to six families (Avicenniaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Combretaceae, Arecaceae and Sonneratiaceae). Mangrove forests are now dominated by saplings and seedlings, with few trees above 15 cm diameter at breast height. Rhizophora sp. were found to be the most important and dominant species. Rhizophora sp. was the most widely used as it was deemed the most suitable for firewood and charcoal. In addition, it is the main species planted in mangrove restoration projects, which have focused on establishing production forest rather than Communicated by Daniel Sanchez Mata.