No abstract

Hydrocele can be found as a collection of fluid within the testicular tunica vaginalis. According to the etiology and pathophysiology of the disease, it can be classified into primary and secondary. Furthermore, primary hydrocele might include the closed or non-communicating, the communicating type, the congenital and or neonatal type. Many management approaches have been proposed for both the communicating and non-communicating hydrocele with different post-operative and prognostic outcomes. In this literature review, we have discussed the current management approaches and prognosis of communicating and non-community hydrocele. Adequate diagnosis of the condition is the first step to achieve favorable management outcomes. Although the reported management outcomes are reported to be effective in the literature, the surgical approaches seem to be superior. However, many side effects might be associated with these operations. Estimates show that following varicocelectomy procedures, ipselateral (left) hemi-scrotal varicocele is the most common condition to occur, which might even develop following the procedure by several months and years (in some cases). Further investigations are still needed because the current evidence is largely based on case reports and small case series investigations. Therefore, larger studies are needed to help draw effective management protocols and enhance the outcomes and prognosis.

Phytochemicals have been shown to possess multiple bioactives and have been reported to showcase many medicinal effects. A similar kind of evaluation of phytoconstituents for their antimicrobial action has been reported, based on in vitro and in silico data. The goal of the research was to explore bioactive phytoconstituents of Eclipta alba leaf for antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity was validated by both molecular docking and antimicrobial assay. Bioactive metabolites were identified using GC-MS. The antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activity of Eclipta alba leaves was investigated using the Kirby–Bauer well diffusion method and the rapid culture—MGIT™ DST method against a variety of human pathogens, as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin. Eclipta alba’s GC-MS studies confirmed the detection of 17 bioactive constituents. The extract demonstrates the highest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (sensitive), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (sensitive) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptible and MRSA (sensitive) with zone of inhibition of 27 mm, 24 mm, and 32 mm respectively. The extract showed no effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin in antimycobacterial activity testing. Molecular docking investigation revealed that three compounds (phthalic acid, isobutyl octadecyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, 1(hydroxymethyl)1,2-ethanediylester, and 2,myristynoyl pantetheine) have generated the best results in terms of binding energies and significant interactions with key residues of target protein 3-hydroxydecanoyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase (FabA) and confirm its activity as antimicrobial inhibitors. These two-dimensional plots show significant protein-ligand binding interactions (van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bond, alkyl, and Pi-alkyl interactions). ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) results additionally support the drug-likeness characteristics of concluded potential compounds. The experimental and computational results demonstrated that methanolic extract of Eclipta alba leaves had antimicrobial effects for specific infections due to the presence of phytochemical compounds.

No abstract

Although retropharyngeal abscess is not a common condition, it can impact the quality of life of the affected patients, and can even be life-threatening. Asphyxia, upper respiratory tract obstruction, and respiratory distress might then develop secondary to this abscess which continues to grow even larger increasing the seriousness of the complications. Surgical incisions and long-course medical and antibiotic therapies have been described in the literature for the management of retropharyngeal abscess. In this study, the literature review discusses the surgical and medical treatment of retropharyngeal abscesses and the predicted prognosis of the disease after treatment based on evidence obtained from studies in the literature. Early presentation and management are important in achieving better outcomes and enhancing the prognosis. Therefore, patients should be aware enough of the symptoms that might suggest the presence of a retropharyngeal abscess. Using intravenous antibiotics can achieve favorable outcomes. However, some adverse events might be associated and the treatment might not be completed as a result of reduced patient compliance. Surgical management is also efficacious and can be done by different approaches as discussed earlier. Nevertheless, it can also be associated with some complications. Therefore, providing optimal care for these patients should be considered in all scenarios to enhance the prognosis.