Confirmed variants of enterobacteriaceae isolated from 143 patients that attended MurtalaMohammed Specialist Hospital Kano, were screened for extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production using Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoint. Suspected ESBLs producers were subjected to confirmation using Disc Replacement Method (DRM). Standard discs of augmentin {AMC 30μg (Oxoid, England)}, ceftriaxone {AUF 30μg (Oxoid, England)} and ceftazidime {RP 30μg (Oxoid, England)} were used in the screening. Of the 143 isolates screened, 114 (79.72%) were Gram negative isolates belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae. Among the enterobacteriaceae isolates screened, the results of CLSI breakpoint test showed that 76 (66.7%) were ESBLs producers viz: Citrobacter spp.

A comparative preliminary study on the phytochemistry and antibacterial effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves and latex of Calotropis procera on four pathogenic clinical bacterial isolates namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella species and Pseudomonas species was carried out using paper-disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The results obtained revealed that ethanol was the best extractive solvent for a fraction with antibacterial properties of the C. procera leaves and latex. Generally, the aqueous extracts showed no activity on the isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the leaf ethanolic extract was 1000 -2000 µg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the latex ethanolic extract was 2000 µg/ml. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf and latex extracts showed the presence of tannins, steroids, saponins and flavonoids while alkaloids were absent in both extracts. Generally, the antibacterial effects of the plant parts revealed that the leaf extracts had stronger activity in comparison with those of the latex.

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Universal bottles were used for the collection of the appropriate urine samples for the study. The enrolled patients were educated on the

Summary Filopodia are thin finger‐like protrusions at the surface of cells that are internally occupied with bundles of tightly parallel actin filaments. They play significant roles in cellular physiological processes, such as adhesion to extracellular matrix, guidance towards chemo‐attractants and in wound healing. Filopodia were recently reported to play important roles in viral infection including initial viral attachment to host cells, cell surfing, viral trafficking, internalization, budding, virus release and spread to other cells in a form that would avoid the host immune system. The detailed virus‐host protein interactions underlying most of these processes remain to be elucidated. This review will describe some reported virus‐host protein interactions on filopodia with the aim of identifying potential new anti‐virus therapeutic targets. Exploring this research area may lead to the development of novel classes of anti‐viral therapeutics that can block signalling pathways used by the virus to trigger filopodia formation. Successful compounds would inhibit initial virus attachment, formation of filopodia, expression of putative virus binding protein, extracellular virus trafficking, and budding.