Background: management and prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARI) is a worldwide problem especially in developing countries. Mothers are the caregivers of their children and thus their knowledge could be used as preventive measure for the disease. Objectives: assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of Saudi mothers toward ARI in children less than five years old in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: the study included 733 mothers admitted to a random sample of PHC from different districts of KSA. The mothers were interviewed and asked to fill up a predesigned questionnaire during the period from February 2017 to June 2017. The questionnaire comprised of 4 parts including the mothers' demographics and KAP. Results: the mean age of mothers was 41.3 years old and the duration of marriage was from 10-20 years in most of mothers (41.9%). The majority of participants had college degree (53.9%) and 44% of subjects were working mothers. Most of subjects had good knowledge about that ARI is a disease of both upper and lower respiratory infection, pneumonia as a complication of ARI, the overuse of antibiotic and bacterial resistance and cough being the most common symptom of ARI. Poor knowledge was related to the use of antibiotics and consulting a physician if children had ARI. The knowledge score of mothers was good in 46% of subjects and 54% have insufficient knowledge. The attitude and practice of mothers was poor among more than half of the participants.Conclusion: most of Saudi mothers had inadequate, knowledge, attitude and practice toward ARI. The better understanding and sufficient knowledge was significantly correlated with young ages, short duration of marriage and higher education.

fungal infections in immature newborns have become more common in the previous two decades, especially when they are admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Thus, it is projected that the mortality rate of children under the age of five is estimated to be about 6 million children a year, with even about 40% of these mortalities during the newborn period. Considering the increased prevalence of death rates related to invasive fungal infections, proper preventative medication is still critical in their treatment. The proper utilization antifungals medicines are critical in the primary prevention and management of invasive fungal infection in newborns; however, there are no specific guidelines to determine the proper medication selection. The most appropriate cure of fungal infection in this population necessitates extensive research into the pharmacokinetic, tolerability, and effectiveness of antifungal medicines. This paper aims to overview epidemiology, diagnosis and management of neonatal fungal infections.Children's invasive fungal infections appear to have become more common during the previous few decades. Children with primary and secondary immunodeficiencies are at danger, as well as newborns. The most often isolated microbes are Candida and Aspergillus species. Improved outcomes depend on prompt diagnosis and administration of the proper antifungal medication. Traditional methods take a lot of time, and obtaining relevant sample material in a paediatric setting may require intrusive procedures. The improvements in detection and quick species identification are summarised in this paper. In light of the antifungal spectrum of the available drugs and the distinct pharmacokinetic features in various age groups, the current antifungal therapy options for newborns and kids are next examined.

Background: The most prevalent skin condition, acne vulgaris (AV), affects 9.4% of the world's population, with teens having the highest frequency. Cultural, ethnic, and social factors appear to significantly impact patients' perceptions of their acne and how their awareness influences these perceptions. The present study aimed at evaluating the attitudes and knowledge of medical students regarding AV at Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted targeting group of male and female students attending Almaarefa University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in December 2021. We evaluated their thoughts and beliefs regarding acne vulgaris using the paper questionnaire to asess their understanding of the condition. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to examine the data. Results: A questionnaire about knowledge of AV was administered to 300 students in total. According to the findings, female respondents made up 60% of the sample, while male respondents made up 40%. According to the results, only 4% of the sample is knowledgeable about acne vulgaris. The knowledge of acne vulgaris was only adequately understood by 5.6% of female medical students, and the rest, 94.4%, had insufficient knowledge of the subject. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that, despite the excepted high level of education and awareness among medical students, less than 5% of people had enough knowledge of acne vulgaris, despite this not being a typical thought from them. Based on our findings, we recommend educating toddlers and their parents about AV.

The incidence of new childhood cancer cases is 15.3 per 100,000 per year, or nearly 1 in 6,500 children and adolescents under the age of 20, notwithstanding the rarity of the disease. The largest nation in the Gulf is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.The provision of the best healthcare is hampered by a young population with longer life expectancies, a recognised rising cancer burden both locally and globally.Similar to other developing nations, the incidence of cancer has increased over time in KSA, which may be attributable to advancements in medical technology, diagnostic methods, and an efficient system for referring patients for additional testing and treatment to well-known tertiary hospitals and oncology-specific treatment facilities in the major cities.The study seeks to provide an overview of recent developments on the incidence of paediatric cancer in Saudi Arabia. As the most common form of paediatric cancer in KSA, leukaemia requires an immediate diagnosis in order to develop a treatment plan that will have the greatest therapeutic benefit and the fewest adverse effects. There are further cancers with lesser prevalence rates, such as lymphoma, kidney, bone, and brain tumours.

This review aimed to summarize the updates in the causes, diagnosis and management of knee injuries in children and adolescents. Knee injuries are common and are often the result of multiple forces: varus, valgus, hyperextension, hyperflexion, internal rotation, external rotation, anterior or posterior translation, and axial loading. Certain combinations of force are known to cause specific patterns of injury. A knee injury can affect any ligaments, tendons, or fluid-filled sacs (bursae) that surround the knee joint, as well fas the bones, cartilage, and ligaments that make up the joint itself. ACL injuries are one of the most common types of knee injuries, including a torn meniscus that is common in sports that require jumping jacks, patellar fractures, and knee bruises. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to more fully evaluate knee injuries. Radiologists can accurately identify individual lesions and combinations of lesions. Surgical and non-surgical treatments are performed depending on the case.