fungal infections in immature newborns have become more common in the previous two decades, especially when they are admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Thus, it is projected that the mortality rate of children under the age of five is estimated to be about 6 million children a year, with even about 40% of these mortalities during the newborn period. Considering the increased prevalence of death rates related to invasive fungal infections, proper preventative medication is still critical in their treatment. The proper utilization antifungals medicines are critical in the primary prevention and management of invasive fungal infection in newborns; however, there are no specific guidelines to determine the proper medication selection. The most appropriate cure of fungal infection in this population necessitates extensive research into the pharmacokinetic, tolerability, and effectiveness of antifungal medicines. This paper aims to overview epidemiology, diagnosis and management of neonatal fungal infections.Children's invasive fungal infections appear to have become more common during the previous few decades. Children with primary and secondary immunodeficiencies are at danger, as well as newborns. The most often isolated microbes are Candida and Aspergillus species. Improved outcomes depend on prompt diagnosis and administration of the proper antifungal medication. Traditional methods take a lot of time, and obtaining relevant sample material in a paediatric setting may require intrusive procedures. The improvements in detection and quick species identification are summarised in this paper. In light of the antifungal spectrum of the available drugs and the distinct pharmacokinetic features in various age groups, the current antifungal therapy options for newborns and kids are next examined.

The incidence of new childhood cancer cases is 15.3 per 100,000 per year, or nearly 1 in 6,500 children and adolescents under the age of 20, notwithstanding the rarity of the disease. The largest nation in the Gulf is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.The provision of the best healthcare is hampered by a young population with longer life expectancies, a recognised rising cancer burden both locally and globally.Similar to other developing nations, the incidence of cancer has increased over time in KSA, which may be attributable to advancements in medical technology, diagnostic methods, and an efficient system for referring patients for additional testing and treatment to well-known tertiary hospitals and oncology-specific treatment facilities in the major cities.The study seeks to provide an overview of recent developments on the incidence of paediatric cancer in Saudi Arabia. As the most common form of paediatric cancer in KSA, leukaemia requires an immediate diagnosis in order to develop a treatment plan that will have the greatest therapeutic benefit and the fewest adverse effects. There are further cancers with lesser prevalence rates, such as lymphoma, kidney, bone, and brain tumours.

Background: Sickle cell disorder is commonly found in Saudi Arabia. There is no reliable information on the influence of sickle cell and the mortality rate of people aged five years and younger. Several types of research have deliberated the occurrence of SCD. The researches in the Middle East Arab Nations have established the presence of precise risk influences assembly SCD extra prevailing in this portion of the world. Aim: To review results of previous studies regarding prevalence and complications of sickle cell disease among children in Saudi Arabia Methodology: This is a systematic review, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO that by examining randomized controlled trials, observational, and experimental studies investigates sickle cell disease among children in Saudi Arabia. Results and Conclusion:The research included 8 studies and concluded that results show elevation of the frequency of sickle cell disease in Saudi Arabia especially in the eastern and southern districts of the kingdom. Proper vaccinations and blood transfusions aimed at children at risk of complications are advised. Neonatal screening programs for sickle cell disease should be considered. Selective screening of the children at risk or with a history of consanguinity between parents rather than universal screening is more appropriate.