BackgroundDehydration results from a decrease in total body water content either due to less intake or more fluid loss. Common symptoms of dehydration are dry mouth/tongue, thirst, headache, and lethargy. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge of dehydration definition, symptoms, causes, prevention, water intake recommendations and water intake practices among people living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.MethodsA cross-sectional study using self-reported questionnaire was employed. Participants were invited during their visit to shopping malls. The shopping malls were selected based on geographical location covering east, west, north and southern part of the city. Self-filled questionnaires were distributed to 393 participants, using systematic sampling technique. Variables recorded included demographics, past medical history, knowledge of dehydration definition, symptoms, causes, prevention and daily water intake practices. Descriptive statistics were summarised as mean, standard deviation and proportions. Negative binomial model was used to identify the predictors of water intake. Analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).ResultsOut of 393 participants, 273(70%) were Saudi, 209(53%) were female, average age was 32.32 ± 8.78 years. Majority 366(93%) had good knowledge of dehydration definition, 332(84%) for dehydration prevention, and 293(74%) of water intake recommendation. Top three recognized dehydration symptoms were: dry lips (87%), thirst (84%), dry tongue (76%) and recognized dehydration causes were: diarrhoea (81%), sweating (68%) and vomiting (62%). The less recognized symptoms were fatigue 176(44.78%), lack of focus 171(43.5%), headache/dizziness 160(40.71%), light headedness 117(29.7%), muscle weakness 98(24.94%), rapid breathing 90(22.9%), and muscle cramps 64(16.28%).The participants had reported an average of 5.39 ± 3.32 water glasses intake per day. The total volume of water intake was significantly different between males n = 184 (3.935 ± 2.10 l) and females n = 209 (3.461 ± 2.59 l) (p = 0.046). The participants’ weight status, intake of juice or tea were the significant predictors of more water intake.ConclusionThe participants displayed good knowledge of dehydration definition, prevention, and water intake recommendation. The participants also displayed good knowledge of the common symptoms, however knowledge was lacking for uncommon symptoms. Moreover, participants had reported adequate water intake, meeting the daily water intake recommendation of ≥3.7 l for men and ≥ 2.7 l for women.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6252-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background: Influenza is one of the infections in which a specific pattern is observed according to seasons which result in severe forms of disease. By providing regular and extensive quality in epidemiological studies, the surveillance system can help in reducing the threat to public health posed by influenza that eventually minimizes the effect of illness. They also help in reporting the health ministry about the relevant information as an aid to reduce the impact of disease on public health. Objective: To assess the incidence of seasonal influenza in Abha City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This surveillance report conducted among citizens of Abha, Saudi Arabia, 2019. It is based on sentinel surveillance and case-based data collection of laboratory-confirmed cases through electronic health records. All data were obtained from the department of infectious diseases of public health department in Aseer health directorate. Results: The total reported positive cases for influenza viruses were 808 (22.30%) patients in the city of Abha for the year 2019, among them 435 males and 373 females (F= 9.5149; P=0.002038) which 665 (82.3%) were typed as influenza A and 143 (17.7%) as influenza B. (F= 674.46; P=0.001). The prevalence of the disease is commonly seen in the age group of 5-15 (42.35 %) with a mean age of 15.45±4.50 followed by 16 to 50 years age (37.45%) and 51-65 age group (10%). There was no death registered among these cases. In February maximum cases were found, whereas in June and July minimum cases were recorded. The influenza positivity rate showed one primary peak and three secondary peaks that were recorded in February and January, March and December. Conclusion: Importance of conducting effective epidemiological surveillance for influenza virus in various regions in Abha specially in winter season with a peak in the month of February.

A perforation is an artificial communication that occurs between the root canal system and the tissues enclosing a tooth. It can be made by the dentist during tooth preparation and passage into the root canal system, or it can happen naturally due to resorption or dental decay and cause connectivity between the root canal and periodontium. Both iatrogenic and non-iatrogenic factors can lead to a root being perforated. Most often, it happens at the coronal aspect of the tooth. Iatrogenic perforations can always be distinguished by the extensive bleeding that occurs after the wound. Serous discharge or fistula from the perforated site, sensitivity on percussing, isolated periodontal pocketing, and chronic gingivitis when the inflammation has reached the alveolus can all be signs of unresolved perforations. Cone beam computed tomography can be used to correctly identify and evaluate resorbing lesions and subsequent perforations. Successful perforation management involves adequately sealing the breach, using the right material, and closing the perforation in the right place as soon as feasible. Perforation management can be done in one of two ways: non-surgically or surgically. The prognosis of teeth with root perforations that have had endodontic treatment relies on a number of variables, including the amount of time that passed before the defect was sealed, the site of the perforation, the effectiveness of the perforation seal, and the size of the perforation. Due to the poor prognosis, teeth with suboptimal periodontal health or those with very wide perforations may be extracted.