Sulphonamides are biologically important compounds with low toxicity, many bioactivities and cost-effectiveness. Eight sulphonamide derivatives were synthesised and characterised by FT-IR, 13 C NMR, 1 H NMR, LC-MS and elemental analysis. Their inhibitory effect on AChE, and carbonic anhydrase I and II enzyme activities was investigated. Their antioxidant activity was determined using different bioanalytical assays such as radical scavenging tests with ABTS þ , and DPPH þ as well as metal-reducing abilities with CUPRAC, and FRAP assays. All compounds showed satisfactory enzyme inhibitory potency in nanomolar concentrations against AChE and CA isoforms with K I values ranging from 10.14 ± 0.03 to 100.58 ± 1.90 nM. Amine group containing derivatives showed high metal reduction activity and about 70% ABTS radical scavenging activity. Due to their antioxidant activity and AChE inhibition, these novel compounds may be considered as leads for investigations in neurodegenerative diseases.

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Being widely used since its discovery, tobacco contains many chemical substances including nitric oxide, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, phenols, quinone and semiquinone radicals, and causes the formation of oxygen-induced free radicals directly or indirectly. Therefore, it is important to know the oxidant/antioxidant properties, phenolic content of Nicotiana rustica Linn., and the effect studies on Paraoxonase (PON 1) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which are important metabolic enzymes. In the study, the effect of extracts (water and methanol) of Nicotiana rustica Linn on PON 1 and AChE enzyme activity was examined. Water extract of Nicotiana rustica Linn Maras Powder with walnut, (MPWW) and methanol extract Maras Powder with Nicotiana rustica, (MPNR), Maras Powder with walnut, (MPWW) and Maras Powder with copper cauldron, (MPCC) had an inhibitory effect on AChE (IC50 values in the range of 0.104-0.203 mg ml -1 ). Also water extract MPCC and methanol extract MPNR, MPWW and MPCC showed an inhibition effect on PON 1 (IC50 values 0.013-0.225 mg ml -1 ). MPNR water extract showed the highest activity with 26% DPPH radical scavenging activity. MPCC water extract showed a 13% ABTS radical scavenging activity.

Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden & Scheng belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which is an endemic species in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey, has an important place in terms of ethno-botany. The phytochemical composition of the plant, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine), inhibition of paraoxonase for antiatherosclerotic activity (hPON 1) (which detoxifies organophosphates), and antioxidant capacity were all investigated in this study. Phytochemical content was determined by LC/MS/MS, and enzyme inhibition and antioxidant capacity studies were determined by spectrophotometer. Antioxidant capacity of C. niveum extracts (methanol, hexane, and water) was determined by applying ABTS * + , DPPH * , FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. Both the water and the methanol extracts of the C. niveum exhibited significant inhibition on the AChE (IC 50 value for methanol and water extract 0.114 � 0.14 mg/ mL (R2:0.997) and 0.178 � 0.12 mg/mL (R 2 : 0.994), respectively). In contrast, the methanol and water extracts of the C. niveum did not exhibit the inhibition effect on hPON 1. The highest activity for ABTS * + was 66.53 % in the water extract, and DPPH * was 55.03 % in the methanol extract. In the metal-reducing power assay, the absorbance was 0.168 � 0.04 for FRAP water extract and 0.621 � 0.01 for CUPRAC methanol extract. According to LC/MS/MS analyses, hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, syringic acid, acetohydroxamic acid and luteolin determined in the plant extract. As a consequence, C. niveum which has antioxidant, anti-atherogenic and antineurodegenerative properties has the potential to be used as a natural medication instead of synthetic drugs used in Alzheimer's patients.

Sphaerophysa kotschyana, an endemic plant belonging to Fabaceae, is distributed around the Tuz Lake in the Konya region. In this study, methanolic extract of S. kotschyana was evaluated for antioxidant capacity. According to obtained data; free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH •) and reducing power activity were observed to be lower than standard antioxidants, cation radical scavenging activity (ABTS •+) was similar to the standard antioxidants. Total phenolic compound was found in leaf-stem and fruit 0.357 mg GAE/kg DW and 0.006 mg GAE/kg DW, respectively. D-pinitol and sucrose were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.