Background: Universal age-specific immunization is one of the areas where preventive public health policy has become successful. Despite the increase in global immunization coverage, however, many children around the world, especially in developing countries, are still left unvaccinated. The study aimed at assessing the determinants of partial immunization among children 12-23 months of age in Yirga Cheffe, Gedeo, Ethiopia. Methodology: A community-based unmatched case-control study design was conducted. Using a simple random sampling technique, 328 samples (164 cases and 164 controls) were selected. Index case was defined as a child aged 12 to 23 months who missed at least one dose of vaccine from the scheduled dose. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to calculate the association, and the level of significance was set at p 0.05. The Result: The study showed that 40% of children were fully vaccinated, and the prevalence of those with partial vaccination was 46%. The likelihood of having incomplete vaccination was 45% higher in children whose mothers had no antenatal coverage (ANC) visit during pregnancy [OR=0.55, (95% CI; 0.297, 1.035)]. Lack of knowledge about the schedule of the vaccination has negatively affected the success of full vaccination (OR=2.3; 95% CI=1.01, 5.56). Conclusion:The study revealed that significant numbers of children are not fully vaccinated. Despite appreciable efforts by the Federal Ministry of Health to improve complete immunization coverage, there are still bottlenecks that need to be tackled in enhancing coverage. We recommend the expansion of ANC and providing education on vaccination schedule and importance to minimize the burden of partial vaccinations and its sequelae.

HIV-infected people have started to live longer since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, however various co-morbid illnesses have emerged. Three HIV-infected individuals, all at least 43 years old, reported with a new onset of type 2 diabetes after switching to dolutegravir-combined antiretroviral therapy regimen. These three people were switched to integrase strand transfer inhibitor (dolutegravir)-based first-line antiretroviral treatment after receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-combined first-line antiretroviral treatment for at least 6 years, as recommended by the World Health Organization for Sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia.All of the given cases had normal plasma fasting sugar (fasting blood sugar <100 mg/dL) at the time of switching. Polyuria, polydipsia, considerable weight loss, and fatigue were all classified as signs of diabetes mellitus in the two male cases. In addition, their laboratory results demonstrated hyperglycemia (plasma fasting blood sugar > 200 mg/dL and urine glucose level ⩾2+) with no ketonuria after switching to dolutegravir for 4–10 months. A glycemic control was achieved, and metformin medication was continued. After 6 months of dolutegravir treatment, the third female case developed diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose level 600 mg/dL, urine glucose level 3+, and ketonuria 3+). To recover from diabetic ketoacidosis, the patient was given intravenous normal saline and regular insulin. Her glycemic control was then restored, and she was switched to NPH insulin. For all of the cases presented, the dolutegravir-based regimen was maintained. Antiretroviral regimens using dolutegravir have the potential to cause hyperglycemia and other side effects. As a result, blood glucose monitoring is required throughout treatment initiation and regularly throughout treatment follow-up, particularly for those on dolutegravir-combined antiretroviral therapy regimens.

Background: Neonatal hip septic arthritis is one of the rarest clinical conditions epidemiologically but with momentous long-term sequelae. Early detection and proper intervention have a paramount role in alleviating the shattering long-term effects. The clinical presentation of neonatal hip septic arthritis is very non-specific, with limited movement of the extremities and excessive crying during manipulations such as diaper changing. Our case was a 17-day-old male newborn who presented to our hospital after a family noticed decreased left leg movement and crying while changing diapers for 5 days, with the associated complaint of holding the left leg in a flexed position. The newborn then underwent all the available investigations and the diagnosis of hip septic arthritis was made. We were stunned by the culture result, which isolated Klebsiella pneumonia from the sample that had been taken from joint fluid, which is a very unusual isolate. Conclusion:Hip septic arthritis is an orthopedic emergency, especially in neonates. It should be considered in newborns presenting with pseudoparalysis as the presentation is nonspecific. Considering a less common microorganism with culture and sensitivity is very important, especially if the response to treatment is delayed. We endorse proper workup and timely intervention as hip arthritis has a poor prognosis when the management is delayed.

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