Objectives: To assess the various factors associated with breech delivery at term. Design: Casecontrol study. Period: Apr 2004 to Sep 2004 Setting: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology unit-I, Bahawal VictoriaHospital Bahawalpur. Materials & Methods: This case control study was carried out in women with the age group 20-40 years. Various risk factors (Parity, multiple pregnancy, placenta Previa, amount of liquor and congenitalabnormalities) associated with breech (50 cases) at term (37-42 completed weeks) were compared with vertex (50controls) after matching. Results: Different factors associated with breech were oligohydramnios 44% vs controlgroup, placenta previa 34% vs control group, primiparity 46% vs control group, multiple pregnancy 14% vs controlgroup and congenital abnormalities 18% vs control group. Conclusion: Our study concluded that factors associatedwith breech delivery were oligohydramnios, placenta previa, multiparty, multiple pregnancy & congenital abnormalities.

Background: Bleeding from the reproductive tract in women is a naturallyoccurring event, generally the result of menstruation and childbirth, and is not associated with ableeding disorder in most cases. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is the most common reason forwomen to undergo an interventional gynecologic procedure. The major task of the clinician is toexclude endometrial carcinoma in women and to identify organic pathology in order to manageit effectively. Objective. To determine the incidence of endometrial carcinoma in women withabnormal uterine bleeding. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting. Department ofObstetrics and Gynecology, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. Duration of study: Sixmonths (16th February 2013 to 15th August 2013). Material and method: One hundred andsixteen women with complaint of abnormal uterine bleeding, meeting the inclusion criteria wereselected. All the patients were undergone endometrial sampling and assessment of endometrialthickness was done which was confirmed by endometrial biopsy to evaluate endometrialpathologies. The collected data was noted on pre-designed proforma. Results: The mean agewas 42.07 years. According to parity, 56 women (48.2%) have 1-4 parity, 48 women (41.4%)have 5-8 parity and 12 women (10.4%) have 9-14 parity. The mean duration of dysfunctionaluterine bleeding was 14.64±7.87 months. Six women (5.2%) have endometrial carcinoma while110 women (94.8%) have no endometrial carcinoma. Conclusion: This study thus proved thatin our setup the incidence of endometrial carcinoma is very high. So every patient with abnormaluterine bleeding should undergo endometrial biopsy to rule out endometrial carcinoma.

Aim: To compare the control of blood pressure after oral alpha methyldopa versus oral labetalol for management of gestational hypertension. Study design: prospective, comparative, observational study. Place & duration: The study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Central Park Teaching hospital, Lahore for six months i.e. 1st May 2018 to 31st October 2018. Methodology: Total 150 females were included in the study from OPD after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then females were randomly divided in two groups by using lottery method. In group A, females were given labetalol orally 100mg 2 times a day for 7 days. In group B, females were given 250mg methyldopa 3 times a day for 7 days. The females were followed-up in OPD after 8 days. After 8 days, females were evaluated for systolic blood pressure (SBP) & diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Results: In this study we compared labetalol with methyldopa for management of gestational hypertension. SBP (Labetalol: 123.41±7.42 vs. Methyldopa: 126.62±7.33, p-value=0.009) as well as DBP (Labetalol: 77.18±4.39 vs. Methyldopa: 79.64±5.9, p-value=0.005) were better controlled in patients received labetalol than alpha methyldopa. Conclusion: Labetalol is better than methyldopa in lowering blood pressure (systolic & diastolic) in women for management of gestational hypertension. Keywords: Management, gestational Hypertension, Systolic, Diastolic, Blood pressure, Alpha methyldopa

Aim: To compare the frequency of the wound breakdown after elective versus emergency cesarean section. Study design: Prospective, comparative, descriptive study Place & Duration: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Central Park Teaching hospital, Lahore for six months i.e. 12-2-2019 to 16-8-2019 Methodology: 180 females were enrolled in the study from labour room after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two groups were formed i.e. emergency cesarean delivery and elective cesarean delivery. The frequency of both types of cesarean deliveries was noted. The risk factors that could lead to impaired wound healing were noted. Then the females were followed-up in OPD for 10 days to evaluate for presence or absence of wound breakdown in both groups. Females with wound breakdown were managed as per hospital protocols. Results: The mean age of the patients was 29.77±6.16years. The mean gestational age of the patients was 38.94±0.81 weeks. The women with normal BMI were 64 (35.65%), 58 (32.2%) were overweight and 58 (32.2%) were obese. In this study 97(53.9%) women underwent emergency C-section and the remaining 83(46.1%) women underwent elective C-section. There were 19(10.6%) patients with wound breakdown and 161(89.4%) without wound breakdown. Frequency of wound breakdown was significant higher among women who underwent emergency C-section i.e. Emergency: 19.6% vs. Elective: 0%, p-value=0.000. Conclusion: Frequency of wound breakdown was significantly higher in women who underwent emergency cesarean section. Key words: Emergency, Elective, Cesarean section, break down, Wound

ABSTRACT… Background: Bleeding from the reproductive tract in women is a naturally occurring event, generally the result of menstruation and childbirth, and is not associated with a bleeding disorder in most cases. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is the most common reason for women to undergo an interventional gynecologic procedure. The major task of the clinician is to exclude endometrial carcinoma in women and to identify organic pathology in order to manage it effectively. Objective. To determine the incidence of endometrial carcinoma in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. Duration of study: Six months (16 th February 2013 to 15 th August 2013). Material and method: One hundred and sixteen women with complaint of abnormal uterine bleeding, meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. All the patients were undergone endometrial sampling and assessment of endometrial thickness was done which was confirmed by endometrial biopsy to evaluate endometrial pathologies. The collected data was noted on pre-designed proforma. Results: The mean age was 42.07 years. According to parity, 56 women (48.2%) have 1-4 parity, 48 women (41.4%) have 5-8 parity and 12 women (10.4%) have 9-14 parity. The mean duration of dysfunctional uterine bleeding was 14.64±7.87 months. Six women (5.2%) have endometrial carcinoma while 110 women (94.8%) have no endometrial carcinoma. Conclusion: This study thus proved that in our setup the incidence of endometrial carcinoma is very high. So every patient with abnormal uterine bleeding should undergo endometrial biopsy to rule out endometrial carcinoma. Key words:Endometrial carcinoma, Dysfunctional uterine bleeding, Menorrhagia. Article Citation: Khan SM, Yasmeen F, Riaz A. Endometrial carcinoma; incidence in women with abnormal uterine bleeding.