CD40/CD40L signaling promotes both B cell and CTL responses in vivo, the latter being beneficial in tumor models. Because CTL may also limit autoreactive B cell expansion in lupus, we asked whether an agonist CD40 mAb would exacerbate lupus due to B cell stimulation or would improve lupus due to CTL promotion. These studies used an induced model of lupus, the parent-into-F1 model in which transfer of DBA/2 splenocytes into B6D2F1 mice induces chronic lupus-like graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). Although agonist CD40 mAb treatment of DBA→F1 mice initially exacerbated B cell expansion, it also strongly promoted donor CD8 T cell engraftment and cytolytic activity such that by 10 days host B cells were eliminated consistent with an accelerated acute GVHD. CD40 stimulation bypassed the requirement for CD4 T cell help for CD8 CTL possibly by licensing dendritic cells (DC) as shown by the following: 1) greater initial activation of donor CD8 T cells, but not CD4 T cells; 2) earlier activation of host DC; 3) host DC expansion that was CD8 dependent and CD4 independent; and 4) induction of acute GVHD using CD4-depleted purified DBA CD8+ T cells. A single dose of CD40 mAb improved lupus-like renal disease at 12 wk, but may not suffice for longer periods consistent with a need for continuing CD8 CTL surveillance. These results demonstrate that in the setting of lupus-like CD4 T cell-driven B cell hyperactivity, CTL promotion is both feasible and beneficial and the CTL-promoting properties of CD40 stimulation outweigh the B cell-stimulatory properties.

Traditional herbal formulas used to treat inflammatory arthritis in China and India include Boswellia carterii or Boswellia serrata. They both contain boswellic acids (BAs) which have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic properties. This study tests the hypothesis that mixtures of BAs derived from B. carterii have immunomodulatory properties. B. carterii plant resin obtained from China was prepared as an ethanol extract, and the presence of seven BAs was confirmed by column chromatography, highperformance liquid chromatography, and UV laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectroscopy. The extract was then tested for its ability to alter in vitro production of TH1 cytokines (interleukin-2 [IL-2] and gamma interferon) and TH2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) by murine splenocytes. Delivery of the resin extract using ethanol as a solvent resulted in significant cellular toxicity not seen with the addition of ethanol alone. By contrast, delivery of the resin extract using a sesame oil solvent resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of TH1 cytokines coupled with a dose-dependent potentiation of TH2 cytokines. These results indicate that a purified mixture of BAs from B. carterii plant resin exhibits carrier-dependent immunomodulatory properties in vitro.