No abstract

Attributed to their unique properties zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) in recent years, have received considerable attention. Notably, research has demonstrated that zinc in living organisms is an essential nutrient. For example, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes including fungi, bacteria, and yeast by using protein, enzyme or microbial cells and other biomolecules compounds are exploited for the synthesis of ZnONPs in either an extracellular or intracellular route. However, the properties of nanoparticles (NPs) are depended upon their shape and size. ZnONPs demonstrated antimicrobial properties, making them unique for different applications. Therefore, in the current study Due to its extensive antimicrobial activity, eco-friendly and simplicity, ZnO Nanoparticles (ZnONPs) synthesis has gained much attention. So, this review was done to concentrate about the green synthesized of ZnONPs by bacteria and their application. Also, the study of their effect as biopesticides against the House Fly, Musca domestica L was mentioned.

The environmental problems have raised the interest for bio-indicators able to reflect their environment. Among these life forms, the insects may contribute to a viable evaluation of the sustainability degrees. The Egyptian Mediterranean coast exhibits six lakes which are situated along the Nile Delta coast; Northern Delta lakes; Manzala, Borollus, Edku, and Mariut, and to the east of the Suez Canal, Port-Fouad and Bardawil. The current study aimed to evaluate different heavy metals in aquatic insects Ochthebius (Asiobates) rugulosus Wollaston 1857, taken from Lake Manzala, and to estimate their effect on the oxidative stress markers to employ insects as sensitive bio-monitors for environmental pollution. A lot of fluctuations were observed affected by the poor connection of the water body of the lake Manzala. The mean level concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in loc.#1, whereas; 0.98, 3.02, 0.35 and 1.99 µg/l; respectively with the arrangement of Cu < Pb < Zn < Cd in location #1 whereas it was reported as 1.8, 3.64, 1.32 and 2.2 µg/l in location#2, giving the arrangement of Pb < Cu < Zn < Cd in loc.#2. The mean concentration level of Pb in both locations was less than that recommended by the USEPA, 2005 (2.5-65 µg/l), Cd in the present study was higher than that of the water quality criteria; (0.2-2 µg/l) recommended by USEPA, 2005 in both locations in Lake Manzala. The pH values of water were alkaline throughout the lake. It is concluded from the obtained data that the southeastern region showed worse quality parameters. The pH of the water lake (loc.1; 7.7), (loc.#2; 7.3) was found to be slightly alkaline throughout the spring (March-May, 2018). The pH was within the prescribed limits (6.5-9) of USEPA, 2005. In the current study, Cu and Zn concentration in Ochthebius (Asiobates) rugulosus Wollaston 1857, in Lake Manzala ranged from (0.2-0.1µg/g, 0.07-0.09 µg/g). The mean concentration of heavy metal was significantly (p<0.05) different in water samples collected from Lake Manzala, Spring; 2018. The arrangement of elements in the insect tissue was as; Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd. There was a significant increase in the mean concentrations level of ALT activity in insects from loc. #2; 42.6 (U/mg protein), while it was 37 (U/mg protein) in that of loc.#1. The mean concentration level of

The housefly, Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), is an important pest not only causing annoying to humans but is also known for its ability to transmit different infectious microorganisms to humans and animals. Recently, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) synthesized by microbial organisms have gained much attention in pest control because of their extensive antimicrobial activity, eco-friendliness, and simplicity. Therefore, the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was applied in the current study as a new and effective biopesticide against the house fly, Musca domestica by feeding the first instar larvae on different concentrations of ZnONPs synthesized by Bacillus foraminis (0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg). Results showed significant mortality values in the larval stage (1.84 ± 0.10, 3.50 ± 0.29, 5.75 ± 0.25, 7 ± 0.41, 8 ± 0.41 and 8.75 ± 0.25) while pupae recorded mortality values of (1.75 ± 0.14, 1 ± 0.00, 1.63 ± 0.13 and 1 ± 0.00) at the higher concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 mg), respectively and some morphological changes appeared in some pupae. Also, the adult emergence had a significant reduction (100 ± 0.00, 82.5 ± 2.50, 62.5 ± 4.79, 37.5 ± 2.50, 28.35 ± 0.95, 17 ± 0.08 and 0 ± 0.00), in comparison with the control group C (10 ± 0.00). ZnONPs showed effectiveness against M. domestica, suggesting it as a new and promising method in pest control.