Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) immunoreactivity in colorectal adenocarcinomas and to find correlations with different pathological features. Materials and Methods: This study included 35 cases of colorectal carcinoma foir which surgical colectomy specimens were collected. Immunohistochemical staining of COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) is done by using the Streptavidin-biotin technique. Results: This work reveals that COX-2 is positive in most cases of colorectal carcinoma and negative in normal colon tissue with statistically non significant relations between COX-2 immunostaining and different pathological features. Conclusions: Our data suggest over expression of COX-2 protein in colorectal carcinoma in contrast to normal mucosa, with a possible role in cell proliferation in carcinogenesis.

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is considered the commonest and most fatal malignant neoplasm of the kidney. Distant metastases are found in 30% of RCC patients at diagnosis, which is considered an important sign of prediction of patients' prognosis. So trying to clarify molecular mechanisms of metastases in RCC could help to discover a recent therapeutic target to decrease and control distant metastases and subsequently might improve patients prognosis. Aim of the Study: Was to assess the EZH2 & Twist-1 combined expressions in RCC tissues with different histopathological subtypes and to correlate their expression with clinicopathological parameters. Material and Methods: We have assessed expression of EZH2 & Twist-1 in tissue by using immunohistochemistry in 50 paraffin blocks of RCC different histopathological subtypes, analyzed correlations between the levels of combined expressions and clinicopthological data. Results: Increased EZH2 expression was positively associated with advanced AJCC stage, Lymph Node (L.N) metastases (p=0.006), higher grade (p<0.001), and presence of distant metastases (p=0.045). Increased Twist-1 expression was positively associated with higher grade, L.N (p<0.001) & distant metastases (p=0.04) and AJCC stage (p=0.01). Both EZH& Twist-1 expressions were positively correlated to each other (p<0.001). Conclusion: EZH2 & Twist-1 are considered markers of poor prognosis in RCC and so they could be used as novel therapeutic targets in RCC patients.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 3 rd most prevalent diagnosed cancer and the 4 th leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Nodal staging is significantly more essential in rectal cancer that detects most the therapy options.Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate CD133 expression in the colorectal carcinoma stage III using immunohistochemistry as well as its relationship to clinicopathological characteristics and patient outcomes. Patients and Methods:The study includes 60 cases with stage III CRC five years after surgical removal of the tumor and regular follow-up with the Departments of Medical and Clinical Oncology where clinicopathological and prognostic data are collected from the archives. The patients were classified into two groups, GI includes 22 CRC patients with relapse, and GII includes 38 CRC patients without relapse. Sixty archive paraffin blocks of primary resection and metastatic lymph nodes were extracted from the archives of the Pathology Department processed for CD133 immunohistochemistry. CD133 expression levels were assessed, analyzed, and correlated with clinicopathological and prognostic criteria. Results: Positive CD133 expression was significantly linked with old age ( P=0.034 ), large tumor size ( p < 0.001), perineural invasion (p = 0.0017), lympho-vascular invasion ( P < 0.001 ), high-grade ( p < 0.001 ), resistance to chemotherapy (p = 0.011), lymph nodes metastasis and relapse (p = 0.005*) and DFS (p = 0.005) Conclusion: CD133 expression in colorectal carcinoma is related to tumour progression and is considered a marker of poor prognosis and a strong indicator of relapse and poor survival. Moreover, CD133 stem cell marker may act as a targeted therapy in chemotherapeutic resistance patients with colorectal carcinoma.

Aim of the studyThis study aims to characterise alterations in the immunohistochemical expression of p27 in normal tissue of the salivary gland surrounding pleomorphic adenoma and in the tumour cells of pleomorphic adenoma.Material and methodsA retrospective study of data including 120 cases of pleomorphic adenomas (66 female, 54 male) retrieved from the files of the Oral Pathology Departments of Aleppo University, Syria and Al-Farabi Dental and Nursing College. Immunohistochemical expression against p27 was examined in the selected cases. The percentage of p27-positive nuclei was semi-quantitatively assessed by two independent observers and scores were given. The statistical analysis included the use of descriptive statistics and proportional frequencies.ResultsThe results showed that P27 nuclear staining with high staining (moderate to strong positive staining in more than 50% of nuclei, depending on the percentage of nuclei for the cells) was noted in tumour duct cells of pleomorphic adenoma in 90 (75%) cases out of 120, while 30 (25%) cases showed low staining (positive staining in less than 5% of nuclei, depending on the percentage of nuclei for the cells).ConclusionsOur data suggests that p27 might have a minor role in the development of pleomorphic adenoma.

Background: Breast cancer is considered the commonest and the most fatal female cancer worldwide. There is to an urgent need for discovering recent therapies to identify patient prognosis and improve treatment strategies. Fork-head Box C2 (FOXC2) is a transcription factor which is a key regulator of cancer stem cells (CSC) properties and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) e.g. cancer initiation, metastatic capacity, and resistance to chemotherapy. FOXC2 roles in CSCs properties and EMT regulation in breast cancer needs detailed studies. YKL-40 is known as chitinase-3-like-1 belongs to a family of mammalian proteins that have an amino acid sequence which is similar to the 18-glycosyl hydrolase bacterial chitinases group. Recent studies have found aberrant YKL-40 elevated expression in cancer of various organs, so it may be used as a recent prognostic biomarker for patients with breast cancer. Former researchers have assessed the expression of FOXC2 & YKL-40 separately in cancer patients and relations to prognosis of patients; however, no studies assessed them together in breast cancer patients and the previous results were inconclusive. Accordingly, our study aimed at evaluation of immunohistochemical expressions of FOXC2 & YKL-40 in carcinoma of the breast in a trial to clarify the relation among their expressions, clinicopathological parameters and recurrence of the disease after successive therapy and patients' prognosis. Methods: we have evaluated expressions of FOXC2 & YKL-40 in sections from 50 paraffin blocks of carcinoma of the breast using