Websites are becoming increasingly effective communication tools. Nevertheless, web applications are vulnerable to attack and can give attackers access to sensitive information or unauthorized access to accounts. The number of vulnerabilities in web applications has increased dramatically over the past decade. Many are due to improper validation and sanitization of input. Identifying these vulnerabilities is essential for developing high-quality, secure web applications. Whenever a website is released to the public, it is required to have had penetration testing to a certain standard to ensure the security of the information. Application-level security vulnerability detection is possible for many commercial and open-source applications. However, developers are curious about which tools detect security vulnerabilities and how quickly they do so. The purpose of this study is to discuss penetration testing and how it can be implemented. This paper also explores the hazards and vulnerabilities associated with the web environment as well as the protective measures that can be taken. In addition, a comprehensive review and comparison of common web penetration testing tools is provided. The aim of this paper is to help web penetration testers choose a technology that is optimal for their requirements. The paper also sets out to guide and provide recommendations to users for choosing the best web penetration test tool and increasing their awareness of secure web environments. The study results indicate that not all web penetration testing tools offer the same features and that combining analysis tools can provide detailed information about web vulnerabilities.

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In an earlier published version of this paper, a part of the acknowledgement was missing. This has now been corrected.The correction chapter and the book has been updated with the change.

The email system is a globally distributed communication infrastructure service that involves multiple actors playing different roles to ensure end-to-end mail delivery. It is an indispensable method of communicating that is changing how people share data and information. As a result, it facilitates effective and efficient communication, especially in business, as well as convenience, accessibility, and replication. Today, email can send more than just text files; it can also send audio, video, photos, and other files with extensions. With email becoming ubiquitous in all aspects of our lives, enhancing its security, operating procedures, and forensic investigation has become essential. The purpose of this paper is to review some real email forensic incidents and the tools and techniques that have been proposed. A discussion of the major threats to email as well as techniques to mitigate them will also be provided. A comparison study was made of several techniques and analysis tools used in email forensics. In addition, this paper compares the available software tools for email forensics based on factors such as language interface, user interface, programming language, creation of image files, calculation of hash value, cost, and advantages.