Green chemistry approaches for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles have become a new and promising field of research in recent years. Synthesis of metal nanoparticles [like gold (Au), silver (Ag), lead (Pb), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and other metal oxides such as titanium oxide (TiO), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.] by various chemical and physical approaches as well as the biological approaches mediated by number of microorganisms have been actively found. Plant-mediated synthesis approaches are found to be more reliable and economic route to synthesize these metal nanoparticles. Owing to the biodiversity of plant biomasses, the actual mechanism by which the plant constituents have contributed to the synthetic process is yet to be fully known. Although the feasibility of controlling, the size and shape of nanoparticles by variation in reaction conditions have been demonstrated in many studies. Conventionally, nanoparticles are synthesized by chemicals and physicochemical methods using several chemicals which later on become accountable for various risk due to their general toxicity, so that solving the objective biological approaches is coming up to fill these gaps. The plant-mediated synthesis process undergoes highly controlled approaches for making them suitable for metal nanoparticle synthesis. In addition, biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is inexpensive, one-step, and eco-friendly method. In addition, the plant-mediated nanoparticles are used as potential pharmaceutical agents for various diseases such as malaria, HIV, cancer, hepatitis, and other diseases. Including this some other relevant information regarding nanopharmaceutical products, companies that are involve in the manufacturing and commercialization process and their clinical trial status are also discussed. This review article gives an overview of the plant-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles, possible compounds, and mechanisms that might be responsible for the reduction process as well as the potential pharmacological applications, currently available nanopharmaceutical products and their marketing status.

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A facile ambient environment solution approach to prepare γ-CsPbI3−xBrx is reported for the first time, leading to samples that exhibit vastly improved stability towards both moisture and heating in air.

This study focused on the dynamics of Maternal Health Services utilization in Kebbi State using a Systems Thinking approach. The broad objective was to understand the effect of interventions intended to promote utilization of Maternal Health Services. The study evolved a model to represent the causal interrelationship, interdependencies and feedback influences of the multifactorial and multisectoral public health approach on utilization of public maternal health services using a Systems Thinking approach. This enabled us draw inferences on the effect on the mother, the intended end-beneficiary from these interventions. Using a Causal Loop Diagram, we were able to identify reinforcing and balancing feedback loops that could explain the behavior or outcomes being observed. The findings revealed that the feedback in the system is driven by limited resources at the household levels, technical quality of health care services, and knowledgeableness of women on maternal health services. From this, we were able to recommend that policy-makers should try to effectively address socio-economic inadequacies at the household level including socio-cultural practices leading to low level of girl-child school enrolment, and several factors affecting motivation of health care workers. While efforts to ensure quality of care and community awareness should be maintained, emphasis and priority needs to be given to interventions that target economic improvements of households.