Introduction stroke causes 10.17% of all deaths in Sudan. Levels of stroke awareness amongst patients in Sudan are unknown. The aim of this study is to assess the level of awareness of stroke risk factors, symptoms and immediate management amongst high and low risk patients. Methods using descriptive cross-sectional study, participants of high and low risk groups were recruited from the referral clinics of three tertiary hospitals in Khartoum. Data was collected through interviews using structured questionnaire. Knowledge score was devised to assess the awareness about stroke symptoms, risk factors, and management. Results of the 286 participants, 150 were females. The mean age was 44.66 years. About 79.4% reported that stroke is preventable. Hypertension was the most identified risk factor (71.6%) while genetics (0.2%) and alcohol (0.2%) were the least identified risk factors. Twenty-seven percent (27.6%) did not know any stroke risk factors, while 32.9% did not know any warning symptoms. Paralysis of one side of the body was the most identified warning symptom (30.7%). The mean awareness score was 21.9 ± 3.4 among the high risk group vs. 22.1 ± 3.6 among the low risk group with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = .717). The mean awareness score was statistically associated with the level of education (p < 0.001). Conclusion the awareness level was relatively low and not statistically different between high and low risk groups. We recommend the development of an effective educational program for the whole community.

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Background and aims: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) utilized for cardiac surgeries has been associated with significant mortality and adverse outcomes. The benefits of incorporating nitric oxide (NO) into the CPB circuit have been reported in terms of reduced inflammation, enhanced dynamic circulation, oxygenation, and end-organ function. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of inhaled NO introduced to the CPB circuit among pediatric patients undergoing various cardiac surgeries. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on 26 July 2022, using the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science to include randomized controlled trials, with no restriction regarding the date of study conduction. The quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane tool. RevMan 5.3 software was used to analyze data in the inverse variance method, with pooling data as mean difference (MD), risk ratio, and 95% CI. Results: Six trials were included comprising 1666 children who had undergone the interventions of interest. All studies amenable to assessment were of good quality. NO was significantly superior to the control treatments regarding ventilation time (MD=−8.34; 95% CI [−14.50 to −2.17], P=0.008), postoperative interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (MD=−0.50; 95% CI [−0.54 to −0.46], P<0.001), 24-h IL-6 levels (MD=−0.30; 95% CI [−0.32 to −0.20], P<0.001), and 24-h tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels (MD=−1.72; 95% CI [−3.44 to −1.00], P=0.05). The side effects of NO and the control treatments were comparable (P=0.9). Conclusion: NO administered as part of the CPB circuit during cardiac surgeries is efficacious in terms of reducing ventilation time, postoperative IL-6, and TNF-α levels compared to control, with a comparable safety profile.

Khalwa is one of the most ancient non-governmental educational institutions that are commonly found all over Sudan, playing a major role in the Sudanese society. The majority of Khalwa students are children. This study was part of a mixed-methods project, conducted by Khartoum Medical Students’ Association, aiming to investigate the health status of Khalwa students. It was a cross-sectional study, done in Mustafa Alfadni Khalwa, Sharg Al-Neel suburb in Khartoum State. The participants were clinically assessed by a doctor and data were collected by using a data entry tool made specially to screen for major infectious diseases among students. Results showed a mean age of 13.7 years. Most of the students (47.7%) were originally from Darfur, and 27.5% of them had only Khalwa education. Respiratory clinic results revealed that 10% were complaining of cough, and 3.4 % were diagnosed with pneumonia. Additionally, 44.6% of the students had Tinea capitis and 21% had scabies. On examination, 2.3% and 1.1% had mild splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, respectively. Infectious conjunctivitis and trachoma were reported among 11.7% and 10.9%, respectively. Blood films for malaria were positive in 51.3%. Macroscopic and microscopic hematuria was, respectively, evident among 13.4% and 10.8% of the participants. Stool examination results showed that 1.4% of the students had worms, 1.5% had ova and 18.8% had stool red blood cells. Infectious diseases are very common among Khalwa students and their living environment is facilitating the transmission of these diseases. agent control and sanitation improvement are crucial to decrease such infectious diseases.

Background: Research is one of the crucial factors in the advancement of health. Undergraduate medical research training is a cornerstone in medical students’ education. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of medical students toward medical research. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study included 200 medical students in their fifth and sixth years at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire, assessing students’ knowledge and attitudes toward medical research, which were scored out of 100. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software. Results: Of the 200 students, 69% were females and 31% males; 81% of them held a Sudanese secondary school diploma and reported future clinical career choice. Their mean academic score was 16 out of 32  6.6 points. Students’ mean knowledge score was 36 out of 100, which was considered low. Their mean attitude score toward medical research was 48.2 out of 100, which was considered moderate.   Conclusions: This study concluded that the knowledge of fifth- and sixth-year medical students about medical research was low. However, moderately positive attitude was reported among them. It is recommended that students’ engagement in active research ought to be started early in their medical school. Additionally, more engaging and interactive methods of teaching research are endorsed to be implemented. Keywords: attitude; knowledge; medical research; medical students; University of Khartoum