This study focuses on Hasyim Asy’ari’s religious thinking. It particularly examines three key issues, Hasyim’s responses to religious dynamics in the early twentieth century, the correlation between his ideas and the religious tradition or thinking of the ulama’ in the medieval period, and the extent to which he presented the originality, trend, and uniqueness of his ideas on the discourse of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamâ‘ah. Basing its analysis on the historical understanding of religion and philosophy, the study also makes use of hermeneutics, and seeks to grasp the deep meaning of the text by considering carefully its horizons. The findings of this study imply that Hasyim crafted a new concept of Sunnism, which can be particularly called “particular Sunnism”. By this we mean a discursive understanding of the concept of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamâ‘ah according to the context of locality, the religious dynamics that shape it as well as the existing interpretation on it that has been taken by the likes of the modernists and traditionalists in Indonesia in the early twentieth century.

<p>One of the ideas that should also be formalized in the reform movement in Indonesia is addressing the issue related to minority groups. Chinese group in Indonesia is one of civil groups that may experience discrimination to date. As a minority ethnic and Muslim community in Indonesia, Chinese Muslims are inevitably in a vulnerable position. They should prove their patriotism toward the nation, Indonesia. This research finds out that the Chinese have been a community that exists way before Indonesia gained its independence: some even play a significant role in Islamization. Chinese Muslims in Indonesia also contribute to establishing the concept of nationalism in Indonesia. Additionally, Chinese Muslims seem to be successful in contextualizing a more substantial concept of nationalism by positioning Chinese ethnic as a cultural entity, not as a representative of “other nation,” and by assimilating local Muslims to play various societal roles. Besides, Chinese Muslims also practice moderate Islamic values to emphasize that their values do not contradict the national values of Indonesia.</p>

This paper describes the problem of intolerance rooted in education. One source that is suspected of causing this behavior is the content of Islamic teachings that are biased with interests in new media. Other factors that play a role are curriculum, books, and teachers. This element of education becomes parties who intentionally or not do the indoctrination process which then leads to understanding and actions of students' intolerance at school. The emergence of new media as an instrument of indoctrination is inseparable from the use of the Internet by Laskar Jihad in the late 1990s, which succeeded in making the internet as a medium to carry out the process of indoctrination of religious understandings that lead to identity hardening that manifests in intolerance. With framing techniques, the choice of language and narrative construction are arranged to eliminate negative values. On the other hand, students make new media references as learning resources.