One alternative to reduce the effect of water pollution from the textile industry is to replace the use of synthetic dye with the natural one. Henna leaves are one of the natural dye sources which has lawsone, a unique substance that produces orange colour. Some commonly used conventional extractions are soxhletation and maceration. One extraction method that is tried to be developed in this study is the Ultrasound-assisted Extraction. The effects of feed ratio to solvent, time, temperature and solvent types were investigated and discussed in this study. The highest yield from the extraction of Henna leaves was found to be 17.96% which was achieved at pH 1 with the extraction time of 10 minutes, feed/solvent ratio of 0.02, and aquadest solvent. Based on the both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the extracted colour, the ultrasound assisted method was found to be more effective and efficient than the soxhletation method.

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Dyes are many used in textiles, food, drink, and cosmetics. In the textile industry, the demand for dye is increasing, especially in natural dye. One of the natural dye that is often used in those products is Indigofera tinctoria L. due to its various potential. However, the time extraction needed is very long in the conventional extraction process. Because of that, some researchers have proved that microwave-assisted extraction takes a short time and high yield extraction obtained because microwave radiation is transmitted to the plant matrix that increasing solubility of solvent, and decreasing surface tension. Correlated with that, Indigofera tinctoria L. dye extraction using microwave-assisted extraction has been analyzed by modeling with response surface methodology with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) with parameters of ratio feed to solvent (0.02-0.1 g/ml), temperature (50-60°C) and extraction time (50-90 minutes). The obtained model could represent the extraction process and showed there an interaction among parameters on the yield, but ratio F/S had the most significant effect. Besides, the difference of optimization model obtained at optimum condition process extraction at ratio feed to solvent 0.02, temperature 60°C, and 50 minutes. The actual yield is 4.976% is closed to the predicted yield which the value is 4.85%. The compounds and similarity of the sample were analyzed using FT-IR and the similarity compound of indigo is 39.11%.

Palm oil is one of the main agricultural commodities in Indonesia. Beside CPO and PKO as the main downstream product, the palm oil industry also produces solid wastes such as shells, fibers, and palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB). Palm oil EFBs are often dumped nearby the palm oil plantations and being left to be decomposed, but several literature studies indicated that palm oil EFB still contained oil residue rich in β - carotene as well as other lipids components dissolved on it. β - carotene is among the major products of the food industry which have been widely employed as nutrients, food colorants, and additives. It serves as antioxidants and so-called pro-vitamin A. The previous research used n-Hexane as a solvent in β - carotene extraction from fungal - fermented palm oil EFB, whereas n-Hexane has a moderate toxicity level and low solubility of β - carotene which is only 600 ppm. Quality and food safety aspects of β - carotene extract haven’t been reviewed or analyzed yet. This paper will be focused on the food safety analysis and improvement concept that can be applied in the extraction method and appropriate solvent selection to obtain high-quality extracts of food-grade β - carotene from fungal - fermented palm oil EFB. Toxicity level and the Hansen Solubility Parameter (HSP) simulation results are the main criteria for solvent selection, while thermal stability, operational cost, and practical aspects are being considered to choose a better extraction method. Based on the HSP simulation results and all criteria mentioned before, n-Hexane can be substituted with 3 recommended solvents; D-Limonene, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), or Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol. According to the economic analysis, the maceration method using THF at room temperature is being preferred to the soxhletation method. Moreover, food safety analysis is being reviewed based on HACCP principles.

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